Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

In-vitro Mutagenesis01:16

In-vitro Mutagenesis

15.4K
To learn more about the function of a gene, researchers can observe what happens when the gene is inactivated or “knocked out,” by creating genetically engineered knockout animals. Knockout mice have been particularly useful as models for human diseases such as cancer, Parkinson’s disease, and diabetes.
15.4K
Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons02:54

Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons

6.5K
Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is that if two species share a common feature, it is likely encoded by the DNA sequence conserved between both species. The advent of genome sequencing technologies in the late 20th century enabled scientists to understand the concept of conservation of domains between species and helped them to deduce evolutionary relationships across diverse...
6.5K
Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?

7.6K
The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
In contrast, regions which code...
7.6K
Exon Recombination02:32

Exon Recombination

3.7K
The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
Exon shuffling follows “splice frame rules.” Each exon...
3.7K
Gene Duplication and Divergence02:37

Gene Duplication and Divergence

6.9K
The seminal work of Ohno in 1970 popularized the idea of gene duplication and divergence. DNA sequence comparison studies reveal that a large portion of the genes in bacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes was  generated by gene duplication and divergence, indicating its critical role in evolution.
The duplicated copies of the gene are called Paralogs. Paralogs with similar sequences and functions form a gene family. Across several species, a large number of gene families are...
6.9K
Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

Cis-regulatory Sequences

10.8K
Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
10.8K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Structural benefits of bisphenol S and its analogs resulting in their high sorption on carbon nanotubes and graphite.

Environmental science and pollution research international·2016
Same author

Bio-inspired Plasmonic Nanoarchitectured Hybrid System Towards Enhanced Far Red-to-Near Infrared Solar Photocatalysis.

Scientific reports·2016
Same author

Effects of norspermidine on Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation and eradication.

MicrobiologyOpen·2016
Same author

Influence of type and proportion of lyoprotectants on lyophilized ginsenoside Rg3 liposomes.

The Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology·2016
Same author

Synthesis and Properties of a Novel FRET-Based Ratiometric Fluorescent Sensor for Cu(2.).

Journal of fluorescence·2016
Same author

Diabetes-related metabolic risk factors in internal migrant workers in China: a national surveillance study.

The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology·2016
Same journal

Reconstructing vegetation biomass in the Middle Jurassic Yanliao Biota from insect fossil assemblages.

National science review·2026
Same journal

Industrial electrocatalytic C-C coupling reaction of C<sub>1</sub> liquid molecules for efficient ethanol synthesis.

National science review·2026
Same journal

Intrinsic auxetic piezoelectricity in bulk ferroelectrics.

National science review·2026
Same journal

Electrochemical in-biosensing computing.

National science review·2026
Same journal

Post-Moore two-dimensional integrated electronics for angstrom-nodes.

National science review·2026
Same journal

A multienzyme-mimicking nanoplatform induces disulfidptosis/cuproptosis/apoptosis for tumor therapy.

National science review·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 15, 2025

A Reverse Genetic Approach to Test Functional Redundancy During Embryogenesis
06:59

A Reverse Genetic Approach to Test Functional Redundancy During Embryogenesis

Published on: August 11, 2010

12.1K

Decoupling gene functions from knockout effects by evolutionary analyses.

Li Liu1, Mengdi Liu1, Di Zhang1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.

National Science Review
|October 25, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pleiotropic gene effects can be categorized as clustered or distributed. Distributed effects, often non-heritable, may not reflect a gene's core function or evolutionary impact.

Keywords:
gene functionheritabilitymutational effectspleiotropyreverse genetics

More Related Videos

A Deep-sequencing-assisted, Spontaneous Suppressor Screen in the Fission Yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe
07:55

A Deep-sequencing-assisted, Spontaneous Suppressor Screen in the Fission Yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe

Published on: March 7, 2019

8.2K
Using a Fluorescent PCR-capillary Gel Electrophoresis Technique to Genotype CRISPR/Cas9-mediated Knockout Mutants in a High-throughput Format
08:25

Using a Fluorescent PCR-capillary Gel Electrophoresis Technique to Genotype CRISPR/Cas9-mediated Knockout Mutants in a High-throughput Format

Published on: April 8, 2017

14.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Oct 15, 2025

A Reverse Genetic Approach to Test Functional Redundancy During Embryogenesis
06:59

A Reverse Genetic Approach to Test Functional Redundancy During Embryogenesis

Published on: August 11, 2010

12.1K
A Deep-sequencing-assisted, Spontaneous Suppressor Screen in the Fission Yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe
07:55

A Deep-sequencing-assisted, Spontaneous Suppressor Screen in the Fission Yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe

Published on: March 7, 2019

8.2K
Using a Fluorescent PCR-capillary Gel Electrophoresis Technique to Genotype CRISPR/Cas9-mediated Knockout Mutants in a High-throughput Format
08:25

Using a Fluorescent PCR-capillary Gel Electrophoresis Technique to Genotype CRISPR/Cas9-mediated Knockout Mutants in a High-throughput Format

Published on: April 8, 2017

14.1K

Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Pleiotropy, where a single gene influences multiple traits, complicates understanding gene function.
  • The HAP4 transcription factor in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is known to have pleiotropic effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To differentiate between heritable and non-heritable pleiotropic effects of HAP4.
  • To investigate the evolutionary consequences of different types of pleiotropic effects.
  • To propose a new framework for reverse genetic analysis.

Main Methods:

  • Deletion analysis of the HAP4 gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
  • Analysis of gene expression responses (clustered vs. distributed effects).
  • Assessment of trait heritability and conservation in related yeast species.
  • Comparison with other yeast protein complexes and metabolic pathways.

Main Results:

  • HAP4 deletion caused both clustered and distributed gene expression changes.
  • Distributed effects were largely non-heritable and poorly conserved evolutionarily.
  • Clustered effects showed overlap among HAP2/3/4/5 complex genes, unlike distributed effects.
  • Cellular morphological traits mirrored these patterns.

Conclusions:

  • Pleiotropic effects can be decoupled from a gene's primary function and evolutionary trajectory.
  • Distinguishing between clustered and distributed effects offers a refined approach to genetic analysis.
  • This framework aids in interpreting complex genetic interactions and evolutionary adaptations.