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Related Concept Videos

Acid Halides to Ketones: Gilman Reagent01:14

Acid Halides to Ketones: Gilman Reagent

3.3K
Lithium dialkyl cuprate, also known as Gilman reagents, selectively reduces acid halides to ketones. The acid chloride is treated with Gilman reagent at −78 °C in the presence of ether solution to produce a ketone in good yield.
As shown below, the mechanism proceeds in two steps. First, one of the alkyl groups of the reagent acts as a nucleophile and attacks the acyl carbon of the acid chloride to form a tetrahedral intermediate. This is followed by the reformation of the carbon–oxygen...
3.3K
Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

44.1K
Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
44.1K
Acid Halides to Alcohols: LiAlH4 Reduction01:19

Acid Halides to Alcohols: LiAlH4 Reduction

3.2K
Acid halides are reduced to alcohols in the presence of a strong reducing agent like lithium aluminum hydride.
The mechanism proceeds in three steps. First, the nucleophilic hydride ion attacks the carbonyl carbon of the acid halide to form a tetrahedral intermediate. Next, the carbonyl group is re-formed, and the halide ion departs as a leaving group, generating an aldehyde. A second nucleophilic attack by the hydride yields an alkoxide ion, which, upon protonation, gives a primary alcohol as...
3.2K
Acid Halides to Alcohols: Grignard Reaction01:15

Acid Halides to Alcohols: Grignard Reaction

2.5K
Organomagnesium halides, commonly known as Grignard reagents, convert acid halides to tertiary alcohols. The reaction requires two equivalents of the Grignard reagent and proceeds via a ketone intermediate.
Grignard reagents are a source of carbanions and function as nucleophiles. The mechanism begins with the nucleophilic attack by the carbanion at the carbonyl carbon of the acid halide to form a tetrahedral intermediate. Next, the carbonyl group is re-formed, and the halide ion departs,...
2.5K
Network Covalent Solids02:18

Network Covalent Solids

15.1K
Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
To break or to melt a covalent network solid, covalent bonds must be broken. Because covalent bonds are relatively strong, covalent network solids are typically...
15.1K
Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge02:54

Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge

25.1K
An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a compound is a measure of the strength of this attraction. The lattice energy (ΔHlattice) of an ionic compound is defined as the energy required to separate one mole of the solid into its component gaseous ions. For the ionic solid sodium chloride, the lattice energy is the enthalpy change of the process:
25.1K

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Preparation of Graphene Liquid Cells for the Observation of Lithium-ion Battery Material
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Is graphite lithiophobic or lithiophilic?

Jian Duan1, Yuheng Zheng1, Wei Luo1

  • 1Institute of New Energy for Vehicles, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China.

National Science Review
|October 25, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Lithium metal wetting of graphite depends on redox potential, not just material type. Surface contaminants, controllable by environment, dictate wetting speed for advanced battery anodes.

Keywords:
Li–graphite compositecontact-line hysteresiselectrochemical-stability windowssurface-pinning defectswetting

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Battery Technology

Background:

  • Graphite and lithium metal are key anode materials for rechargeable batteries.
  • Poor wetting of graphite by lithium metal hinders composite anode fabrication.
  • Understanding lithium-graphite interactions is crucial for high-energy-density batteries.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the factors influencing lithium metal wetting on graphite surfaces.
  • To demonstrate the controllable nature of lithium-graphite wetting dynamics.
  • To enable advanced fabrication techniques for lithium-graphite composite anodes.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of wetting performance on various graphite forms (HOPG, PCP, lithiated PCP, graphite powder).
  • Investigation of surface contaminant electrochemical stability windows.
  • Assessment of time-dependent wetting dynamics under varying ambient conditions (reducing vs. oxidizing agents).

Main Results:

  • Graphite's lithiophilicity/lithiophobicity is tunable based on local redox potential.
  • Surface contaminants exhibit distinct electrochemical stability windows, influencing wetting.
  • Wetting dynamics bifurcate into superfast or superslow regimes depending on environmental dominance (reducing or oxidizing agents).

Conclusions:

  • Controllable wetting of lithium metal on graphite is achievable by managing surface contaminants.
  • This provides a new fabrication pathway for lithium-graphite composites.
  • The findings hold significant promise for the mass production of high-performance lithium-based anodes.