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Related Concept Videos

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Sleep-Wake Cycles

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Sleep is an essential physiological process vital to maintaining overall well-being. The reticular activating system (RAS), a network of neurons in the brainstem, regulates wakefulness and sleep. While it may seem passive, sleep consists of distinct cycles, each with its unique characteristics and functions. Two key sleep phases are non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and  rapid eye movement (REM).
NREM Sleep
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Stages of Sleep01:22

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Sleep progresses through distinct stages, each characterized by specific brain wave patterns and physiological responses ranging from wakefulness to stages of non-rapid eye movement, known as non-REM, to rapid eye movement, referred to as REM. Understanding these stages helps in recognizing how sleep supports various bodily and cognitive functions.
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Understanding Sleep01:11

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Sleep, an essential biological state, involves significant reductions in physical activity, sensory awareness, and interaction with the environment. This complex physiological process is primarily regulated by specific brain regions, notably the hypothalamus and pons, which govern the sleep-wake cycle or circadian rhythm.
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Somnambulism, commonly known as sleepwalking, involves individuals engaging in activities ranging from simple walking to more complex behaviors such as driving. Sleepwalking typically occurs during the slow-wave sleep stages 3 and 4 early in the night when the person is not dreaming, contradicting the myth that sleepwalkers are acting out their dreams.
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The sleep cycle, an integral part of human health, consists of several stages with distinct characteristics and functions. It begins with a transition from wakefulness to sleep, known as the light sleep phase, followed by the restorative deep sleep phase, essential for physical recovery and growth. The cycle concludes with the Rapid Eye Movement (REM) phase, characterized by high brain activity and vivid dreaming. Insomnia, a prevalent sleep disorder, involves difficulty falling asleep, staying...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 15, 2025

Collecting Sleep, Circadian, Fatigue, and Performance Data in Complex Operational Environments
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Collecting Sleep, Circadian, Fatigue, and Performance Data in Complex Operational Environments

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Pilot Sleep Behavior across Time during Ultra-Long-Range Flights.

Jaime K Devine1, Jake Choynowski1, Caio R Garcia2

  • 1Institutes for Behavior Resources, Inc., Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.

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Commercial pilots

Keywords:
COVID-19aviationsleep durationsleep scoresleep timingtime zones

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Area of Science:

  • Aviation Medicine
  • Sleep Science
  • Human Factors in Aviation

Background:

  • Ultra-long-range flights pose fatigue risks to pilots.
  • The COVID-19 pandemic necessitated extended flight durations.
  • Limited data exists on pilot sleep during such operations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate commercial pilot sleep patterns during ultra-long-range humanitarian missions.
  • To assess sleep quality and duration using objective and subjective measures.
  • To report on in-flight sleep characteristics, including sleep score.

Main Methods:

  • Twenty pilots wore validated sleep-tracking devices (Zulu watch) on five Brazil-China missions.
  • Pilots maintained sleep diaries to record in-flight rest.
  • Sleep timing, duration, efficiency, and sleep score were analyzed.

Main Results:

  • The study provides the first report on commercial pilot sleep behavior during ultra-long-range flights amid the COVID-19 pandemic.
  • Objective data from sleep trackers complemented subjective diary entries.
  • Sleep scores during in-flight rest periods were estimated for the first time.

Conclusions:

  • This research offers novel insights into pilot sleep during demanding flight operations.
  • Understanding in-flight sleep is crucial for managing fatigue in ultra-long-range aviation.
  • Findings contribute to aviation safety and crew well-being strategies.