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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 15, 2025

Fabricating Metamaterials Using the Fiber Drawing Method
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Print-and-Spray Electromechanical Metamaterials.

Taeho Min1, Euimin Cheong1, Changryeol Lee1

  • 1School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea.

Soft Robotics
|October 27, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed novel electromechanical metamaterials with invariant or decreasing electrical resistance under strain. These materials, fabricated via 3D printing and conductive coating, offer new possibilities for soft robots and flexible electronics.

Keywords:
3D printingelectromechanical metamaterialsflexible electronicsspray coatingstretchability

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrical Engineering
  • Mechanical Engineering

Background:

  • Existing stretchable conductive materials show increased resistance upon stretching.
  • This limits their application in flexible electronics and soft robotics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and fabricate novel electromechanical metamaterials with unique electrical resistance behaviors under strain.
  • To achieve invariant or decreasing electrical resistance upon elongation.

Main Methods:

  • Three-dimensional printing of flexible polymer parts.
  • Application of conductive coatings.
  • Parametric optimization of geometric dimensions for resistance invariant structures.
  • Finite element method (FEM) for behavior prediction.

Main Results:

  • A metamaterial with nearly constant electrical resistance up to ~1100% tensile strain was achieved.
  • A second metamaterial exhibited a resistance decrease of up to 38% over 600 μm displacement.
  • FEM accurately predicted the behavior of the resistance invariant metamaterial.

Conclusions:

  • The developed electromechanical metamaterials overcome the resistance increase issue of conventional stretchable materials.
  • Design principles enable new possibilities for high-performance soft robots and advanced flexible electronics.