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Molecular Tools for Targeted Control of Nerve Cell Electrical Activity. Part I.

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  • 1Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, 117997 Russia.

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Summary

This review explores optogenetics, chemogenetics, and thermogenetics for controlling cell activity. These minimally invasive techniques offer complementary tools for understanding complex neuronal systems in neuroscience research.

Keywords:
GPCRaction potentialchemogeneticschemoreceptorsion channelsmembrane voltageneurointerfaceneuronal activity stimulationneuronal excitationneuronal inhibitionoptogeneticsrhodopsinthermogenetics

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Controlling cellular biochemistry, particularly electrical activity in excitable cells, is crucial for modern life sciences.
  • Understanding the nervous system requires minimally invasive brain tissue stimulation methods as neuroscience shifts towards complex neuronal system investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review three exogenous, genetically encoded molecular approaches for controlling cellular electrical activity.
  • To compare optogenetics, chemogenetics, and thermogenetics in terms of stimuli, effector proteins, and experimental applications.

Main Methods:

  • Delivery of exogenous, genetically encoded molecules into nervous tissue.
  • Utilizing external stimuli (light, chemicals, temperature) to modulate cellular responses.
  • Reviewing optogenetics (Part I) and chemogenetics/thermogenetics (Part II).

Main Results:

  • Optogenetics, chemogenetics, and thermogenetics provide distinct methods for manipulating cell biochemistry and electrical activity.
  • These techniques differ in stimuli, effector protein structures, and experimental nuances.
  • The approaches are largely complementary rather than competing.

Conclusions:

  • These genetically encoded, stimulus-responsive molecular tools are essential for advancing neuroscience.
  • The complementary nature of optogenetics, chemogenetics, and thermogenetics expands the capabilities for studying complex neuronal systems.
  • Minimally invasive stimulation techniques are vital for current and future neuroscience research.