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Related Concept Videos

Muscles that Move the Arm01:31

Muscles that Move the Arm

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Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...
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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
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Muscle Coordination and Action01:24

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Muscle coordination is a complex and finely tuned process essential for smooth and purposeful movements like flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and rotation. The human body orchestrates the actions of various muscles working in concert, each with a specific role. Four functional types describe how muscles work together: agonist, antagonist, synergist, and fixator.
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Shoulder Long Head Biceps Tendon Pathology Is Associated With Increasing Rotator Cuff Tear Size.

Vittorio Candela1,2, Jacopo Preziosi Standoli3, Stefano Carbone3

  • 1Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopaedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.

Arthroscopy, Sports Medicine, and Rehabilitation
|October 29, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Rotator cuff tear (RCT) size significantly correlates with long head biceps tendon (LHBT) pathology. Larger RCTs are associated with a higher prevalence of LHBT absence and damage, impacting surgical considerations.

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Shoulder Anatomy
  • Musculoskeletal Imaging

Background:

  • The long head of the biceps tendon (LHBT) plays a crucial role in shoulder function.
  • Pathology of the LHBT can significantly contribute to shoulder pain and dysfunction.
  • Understanding the relationship between rotator cuff tears (RCTs) and LHBT pathology is essential for effective treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between the size of rotator cuff tears (RCTs) and the presence and severity of long head biceps tendon (LHBT) pathology.
  • To determine if larger RCTs correlate with increased LHBT abnormalities.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of 202 patients undergoing arthroscopic rotator cuff repair for full-thickness RCTs.
  • Evaluation of LHBT pathology included inflammation, section alteration, loss of integrity, dislocation, dynamic instability, and absence.
  • Assessment of LHBT pathology across three specific portions: insertional, intra-articular, and intertubercular groove.

Main Results:

  • LHBT absence was observed in 10.9% of patients, with a significant correlation between absence and massive RCTs (P < .001).
  • A healthy LHBT was present in only 8% of massive RCT cases, compared to 47% in small RCTs.
  • Significant correlations were found between RCT severity and LHBT inflammation, section alteration, and loss of integrity (P < .001).
  • The insertional portion of the LHBT was most frequently involved (57%), and RCT severity correlated with the number of involved LHBT portions (P < .001).

Conclusions:

  • Shoulder LHBT pathology is significantly associated with increasing rotator cuff tear size.
  • Biceps tendon pathology is particularly prevalent in patients with larger rotator cuff tears, necessitating awareness during surgical planning.