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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Post-error slowing (PES) estimates are biased due to trial type imbalances. New methods calculating unweighted means for congruent and incongruent trials separately yield unbiased PES scores for interference tasks.

Keywords:
Action errorsCognitive controlPerformance monitoringPost-error adaptations

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive psychology
  • Psychological measurement

Background:

  • Post-error slowing (PES) is a common finding where reaction times (RTs) slow after an error.
  • Traditional PES calculation methods may introduce bias.
  • Previous research proposed robust PES calculations, but these can also be flawed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate biases in traditional and robust post-error slowing (PES) calculations.
  • To identify the sources of bias in PES estimation.
  • To propose an unbiased method for calculating PES in interference tasks.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of large-scale flanker task data.
  • Comparison of traditional (post-correct minus post-error RTs) and robust (pre-error minus post-error RTs) PES calculations.
  • Examination of trial type (congruent vs. incongruent) imbalances across different trial conditions.

Main Results:

  • Both traditional and robust PES estimates are significantly biased.
  • Bias originates from differential imbalances in congruent versus incongruent trials preceding correct, error, and post-error responses.
  • Imbalances inflated traditional PES by 37% and robust PES by 42% when using individual-participant means.

Conclusions:

  • Existing PES calculation methods are unreliable due to trial-type imbalances.
  • A novel method involving unweighted individual-participant means, calculated separately for congruent and incongruent trials, is proposed for unbiased PES estimation.
  • This method ensures accurate measurement of post-error slowing in interference tasks.