Advancing research on recurrent pregnancy loss: Overcoming obstacles and opportunities for translation

Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is one of the most complex and challenging scenarios in reproductive medicine. New theories about the mechanisms behind RPL have recently emerged, highlighting the multifactorial nature of this serious pregnancy complication.  Unfortunately, these preclinical observations are rarely validated in the human scenario, where treatment remains ineffective and empirical. New technologies such as organoids, organ-on-a-chip, and 3D printing can be used to characterize the molecular cross talk between the uterine environment with its unique inflammatory cells and the developing embryo. Understanding the mechanisms behind RPL and identifying mediators and effectors and validating these targets for prevention and therapy in humans will have a profound impact on women's health.