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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

731
Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Carrier-Mediated Transport01:06

Carrier-Mediated Transport

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Carrier-mediated transport is a pivotal process in drug absorption, particularly for lipid-insoluble drugs, and encompasses facilitated diffusion and active transport. Facilitated diffusion allows drugs to move along their concentration gradient without energy expenditure, while active transport utilizes ATP to drive drug movement against this gradient.
Active transport involves two types of membrane-spanning transporters: uptake and efflux. Uptake transporters are expressed in the small...
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Cellular Membranes and Drug Transport01:24

Cellular Membranes and Drug Transport

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Drugs must traverse multiple biological barriers, such as multi-layered skin, single-layered intestinal epithelium, and the plasma membrane, to reach their target sites within the body. The plasma membrane, a highly structured composite of phospholipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, is the cell's protective boundary, facilitating selective substance exchange.
Phospholipids arrange themselves into a bilayer, with hydrophilic heads oriented outward and hydrophobic tails facing inward.
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Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

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Cancer Vaccines01:30

Cancer Vaccines

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Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...
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Tissue Transplantation01:24

Tissue Transplantation

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Tissue transplantation is a significant medical procedure involving the transfer of cells, tissues, or organs from a donor to a recipient, with the primary aim of restoring lost functions. This procedure is crucial in treating a broad spectrum of diseases, including kidney diseases, liver failure, heart disease, and certain types of cancers.
The Biology of Tissue Transplantation
The biology of tissue transplantation hinges on the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules. These molecules...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 15, 2025

A Syngeneic Mouse B-Cell Lymphoma Model for Pre-Clinical Evaluation of CD19 CAR T Cells
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Overcoming transport barriers to immunotherapy.

Shann S Yu1, Jeffrey A Hubbell1, Melody A Swartz2,3

  • 1Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.

Drug Delivery and Translational Research
|October 31, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Immunotherapies face delivery challenges due to biological barriers. Engineering solutions leverage immunobiology to improve drug targeting and retention for better disease treatment.

Keywords:
Cellular engineeringDrug deliveryImmunoengineeringImmunotherapyMolecular engineeringPharmacodynamicsPharmacokinetics

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Immunology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Immunotherapies modulate immune cells for disease treatment.
  • Anatomical and microphysiological factors create barriers to effective immunotherapeutic delivery and retention at diseased sites.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review challenges in immunotherapeutic delivery and retention.
  • To summarize engineering strategies for overcoming biological barriers in immunotherapy.

Main Methods:

  • Exploiting immunobiology for molecular and cellular engineering.
  • Analyzing anatomical and microphysiological transport barriers.

Main Results:

  • Recent developments focus on overcoming delivery and retention barriers.
  • Engineering approaches are being developed to enhance immunotherapeutic efficacy.

Conclusions:

  • Addressing delivery barriers is crucial for impactful immunotherapy.
  • Interdisciplinary collaboration is essential for advancing immunotherapeutic solutions.