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Related Concept Videos

Group Polarization01:01

Group Polarization

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Group polarization is the strengthening of an original group attitude following the discussion of views within a group (Teger & Pruitt, 1967). That is, if a group initially favors a viewpoint, after discussion the group consensus is likely a stronger endorsement of the viewpoint. Conversely, if the group was initially opposed to a viewpoint, group discussion would likely lead to stronger opposition.
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Stereotype Content Model02:16

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The Stereotype Content Model (SCM) was first proposed by Susan Fiske and her colleagues (Fiske, Cuddy, Glick & Xu, 2002; see also Fiske, 2012 and Fiske, 2017). The SCM specifies that when someone encounters a new group, they will stereotype them based on two metrics: warmth—or that group’s perceived intent, and how likely they are to provide help or inflict harm—and competence—or their ability to carry out that objective. Depending on the warmth-competence...
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Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination02:55

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Humans are very diverse and although we share many similarities, we also have many differences. The social groups we belong to help form our identities (Tajfel, 1974). These differences may be difficult for some people to reconcile, which may lead to prejudice toward people who are different. Prejudice is a negative attitude and feeling toward an individual based solely on one’s membership in a particular social group (Allport, 1954; Brown, 2010). Prejudice is common against people who...
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Confirmation Biases01:31

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The confirmation bias is the tendency to focus on information that confirms our existing beliefs and ignore information that is inconsistent with our expectations. For example, if you think that your professor is not very nice, you notice all of the instances of rude behavior exhibited by the professor while ignoring the countless pleasant interactions he is involved in on a daily basis. Have you ever fallen prey to the confirmation bias, either as the source or target of such bias?
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Potential Due to a Polarized Object01:29

Potential Due to a Polarized Object

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A neutral atom consists of a positively charged nucleus surrounded by a negatively charged electron cloud. When placed in an external electric field, the external electric force pulls the electrons and nucleus apart, opposite to the intrinsic attraction between the nucleus and the electrons. The opposing forces balance each other with a slight shift between the center of masses of the nucleus and the electron cloud, resulting in a polarized atom. On the other hand, a few molecules, like water,...
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Decision Making: P-value Method01:09

Decision Making: P-value Method

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The process of hypothesis testing based on the P-value method includes calculating the P- value using the sample data and interpreting it.
First, a specific claim about the population parameter is proposed. The claim is based on the research question and is stated in a simple form. Further, an opposing statement to the claim  is also stated. These statements can act as null and alternative hypotheses:  a null hypothesis would be a neutral statement while the alternative hypothesis can...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 14, 2025

Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation of the Posterior Medial Frontal Cortex to Experimentally Reduce Ideological Threat Responses
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A New Opinion Polarization Index Developed by Integrating Expert Judgments.

Namkje Koudenburg1, Henk A L Kiers2, Yoshihisa Kashima3

  • 1Social Psychology, Department of Psychology, Heymans Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.

Frontiers in Psychology
|November 1, 2021
PubMed
Summary

A new Opinion Polarization Index (OPI) was developed using expert insights. This index accurately measures opinion polarization, outperforming existing methods and aiding conflict prediction.

Keywords:
bimodalitydispersionexpert judgmentsopinion distributionopinion polarizationscale development

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Area of Science:

  • Social Sciences
  • Psychology
  • Political Science

Background:

  • Opinion polarization is a growing societal concern, leading to unrest and interpersonal conflict.
  • Existing measures often fail to capture the bimodal nature of polarized opinion distributions.
  • Accurate measurement is crucial for predicting societal conflict.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a novel index for measuring opinion polarization.
  • To create a tool that accounts for the bimodal characteristics of polarized opinions.
  • To improve the prediction of societal conflict based on opinion distributions.

Main Methods:

  • A new Opinion Polarization Index (OPI) was developed.
  • Weights for the OPI were determined through an expert survey of 58 international polarization experts.
  • The OPI's predictive performance was compared against existing polarization measures.

Main Results:

  • The developed Opinion Polarization Index (OPI) demonstrated superior prediction of expert polarization scores.
  • The OPI showed better performance than standard deviation, Van der Eijk's measure, and Esteban and Ray's index.
  • Expert ratings proved valuable for measurement development.

Conclusions:

  • The novel Opinion Polarization Index (OPI) offers a more accurate assessment of opinion polarization.
  • This index can enhance our ability to predict conflict arising from divided opinions.
  • The study highlights the utility of expert-driven approaches in measurement development.