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Related Concept Videos

Types of RNA01:23

Types of RNA

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Overview
Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in the regulation of gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
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Necrosis01:16

Necrosis

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Necrosis is considered as an “accidental” or unexpected form of cell death that ends in cell lysis. The first noticeable mention of “necrosis” was in 1859 when Rudolf Virchow used this term to describe advanced tissue breakdown in his compilation titled “Cell Pathology”.
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lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay02:27

Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay

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The Upf proteins that carry out nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) are found in all eukaryotic organisms, including humans. Each protein has an individual role, but they need to work in collaboration. Upf1 is an ATP-dependent RNA helicase that unwinds the RNA helix. Because Upf1 can unwind any RNA, Upf2 and Upf3 are required to help Upf1 discriminate between nonsense and normal mRNAs.
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Translational Regulation01:29

Translational Regulation

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Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
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Ribosomal RNA Synthesis02:53

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Ribosome synthesis is a highly complex and coordinated process involving more than 200 assembly factors. The synthesis and processing of ribosomal components occurs not only in the nucleolus but also in the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
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Updated: Oct 14, 2025

Author Spotlight: Enhancing Understanding and Treatment Strategies with the NEC-on-a-Chip Model
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Non-coding RNAs in Necrotizing Enterocolitis- A New Frontier?

Jayasree Nair1, Akhil Maheshwari2

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.

Current Pediatric Reviews
|November 3, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are increasingly recognized for their regulatory roles in cellular processes. This review focuses on lncRNAs

Keywords:
Necrotizing enterocolitisepigeneticsgut inflammationlncRNAmiRNAsncRNA

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics and Molecular Biology
  • Neonatal Medicine
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • The human genome contains a vast non-coding region with regulatory potential beyond protein-coding genes.
  • Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are classified into microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) based on transcript size.
  • Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), a severe intestinal disease in preterm infants, has an unclear pathogenesis and lacks diagnostic biomarkers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the definitions, classifications, and potential roles of ncRNAs, with a specific focus on long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs).
  • To explore the involvement of lncRNAs in prematurity and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC).
  • To synthesize current knowledge and preliminary findings on lncRNAs in intestinal inflammation.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature search across PubMed, EMBASE, and Science Direct databases.
  • Review of existing data on ncRNA functions in cellular regulation and inflammatory conditions.
  • Inclusion of preliminary data from the authors' own studies.

Main Results:

  • Limited information currently exists regarding the specific roles of ncRNAs, particularly lncRNAs, in NEC.
  • Evidence from other inflammatory bowel disorders suggests ncRNAs may significantly contribute to intestinal inflammation.
  • This review primarily focuses on lncRNAs, distinguishing them from miRNAs which are covered in a separate manuscript.

Conclusions:

  • Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) represent a significant area for investigation in understanding cellular regulation.
  • Further research into lncRNAs is crucial for elucidating their role in the pathogenesis of NEC and other inflammatory bowel disorders.
  • Identifying the specific functions of lncRNAs could lead to novel diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic strategies for NEC.