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Updated: Oct 14, 2025

Long-term Behavioral and Reproductive Consequences of Embryonic Exposure to Low-dose Toxicants
Published on: March 6, 2018
Environmental exposure to bisphenol analogues and unexplained recurrent miscarriage: A case-control study
Junjie Ao1, Xiaona Huo2, Jiangtao Zhang3
1Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China.
Exposure to bisphenol analogues, chemicals replacing bisphenol A (BPA), is linked to higher unexplained recurrent miscarriage (URM) risk. Higher levels of these compounds were found in women experiencing URM, particularly older women.
Area of Science:
- Environmental Health
- Reproductive Toxicology
- Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals
Background:
- Bisphenol A (BPA) use is restricted due to toxicity.
- Bisphenol analogues are widely used BPA alternatives.
- Concerns exist regarding the reproductive toxicity of these analogues.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the association between bisphenol analogues and unexplained recurrent miscarriage (URM).
- To assess the risk of URM associated with exposure to six specific bisphenol analogues.
Main Methods:
- Hospital-based case-control study with 1180 URM cases and 571 controls.
- Measurement of urinary bisphenol analogues (BPA, BPAF, BPAP, BPB, BPP, BPS).
- Statistical analysis using logistic regression, BKMR, and q-gcomp.
Main Results:
- Significantly higher urinary bisphenol levels in URM cases compared to controls.
- Bisphenol analogues were associated with increased URM odds, with dose-response patterns for BPAF, BPAP, and BPB.
- Mixed exposure to six bisphenol analogues increased URM risk, driven by BPAP, BPAF, and BPA.
Conclusions:
- Environmental exposure to bisphenol analogues is associated with an increased risk of URM.
- Women aged 30 and older may be more susceptible to the adverse effects of bisphenol analogues.
- Bisphenol analogues pose a potential risk to reproductive health, necessitating further investigation.
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