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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 14, 2025

Endoscopic Bilateral Nipple-sparing Mastectomy via a Single Axillary Incision with Immediate Pre-pectoral Implant-based Breast Reconstruction

Endoscopic Bilateral Nipple-sparing Mastectomy via a Single Axillary Incision with Immediate Pre-pectoral Implant-based Breast Reconstruction

Published on: May 17, 2024

Modified radical mastectomy for level III axillary lymph node clearance: a case report.

Mingkun Zhang¹, Liu Yang¹, Lan Hou¹

¹Department of Thyroid, Breast, and Vascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.

|November 4, 2021

Summary

Level III axillary lymph node dissection is crucial for accurate breast cancer staging and treatment guidance. This modified surgical technique improves visualization and reduces complications, enhancing patient outcomes.

Keywords:

Breast cancer branches of thoracoacromial artery case report lateral cutaneous branches of intercostal nerves level III axillary lymph nodes clearance

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Last Updated: Oct 14, 2025

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Published on: November 29, 2018

Area of Science:

Surgical Oncology
Breast Surgery
Anatomical Dissection

Background:

Modified radical mastectomy with levels I and II axillary lymph node clearance is standard breast cancer surgery.
Level III axillary lymph node dissection is indicated for specific cases, including apical axillary node involvement.
Accurate staging and adjuvant therapy guidance are crucial for effective breast cancer management.

Observation:

A modified surgical approach involving splitting the pectoralis major muscle was employed for level III axillary lymph node dissection.
This technique facilitates improved exposure of the subclavian region and critical anatomical landmarks.
The dissection involved skeletonizing the subclavian vein and carefully preserving neurovascular structures.

Findings:

The modified approach provides enhanced visualization of the subclavian area, aiding in the dissection of difficult-to-access lymph nodes.
Complete resection of axillary lymph nodes from medial to lateral was achieved.
Protection of the thoracoacromial artery branches and intercostal nerves minimized postoperative complications like numbness and muscle atrophy.

Implications:

This technique offers a viable method for achieving complete level III axillary lymph node dissection with reduced morbidity.
Improved anatomical exposure aids in precise surgical execution and accurate pathological staging.
The findings support the refinement of surgical techniques for complex axillary dissections in breast cancer patients.