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Pulmonary actinomycosis, a rare lung infection, can be diagnosed using cytology. This study identified characteristic "cotton ball" masses and sulfur granules in respiratory samples, offering a rapid diagnostic alternative.

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Area of Science:

  • Pulmonology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Cytopathology

Background:

  • Pulmonary actinomycosis is an infrequent infection.
  • Histological examination with bacterial culture is the gold standard for diagnosis.
  • Cytology offers a rapid, cost-effective diagnostic approach, but literature is limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review cytological material from pulmonary actinomycosis patients.
  • To characterize the main cytomorphological findings in respiratory cytology samples.
  • To establish cytology as a viable diagnostic method for pulmonary actinomycosis.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective examination of 26 cytological respiratory samples (sputum, bronchoalveolar lavages, fine needle aspiration cytology) and 6 cell blocks from 9 patients.
  • Recording of patient demographics, symptoms, and radiological findings.
  • Analysis of cytomorphological features, including "cotton ball" masses and sulfur granules.

Main Results:

  • "Cotton ball" masses with projections were observed in 75% of sputum smears.
  • Sulfur granules were identified in 40% of sputum smears and in fine needle aspiration cytology cases.
  • Cytological findings were diagnostic of pulmonary actinomycosis across various sample types.

Conclusions:

  • Various respiratory cytology samples can reveal diagnostic cytomorphological findings for pulmonary actinomycosis.
  • Characteristic findings include "cotton ball" masses and, less frequently, sulfur granules.
  • Cytology provides a valuable and efficient diagnostic tool for pulmonary actinomycosis.