Cellulose nanocrystals: Fundamentals and biomedical applications

Area of Science:

• Materials Science
• Nanotechnology
• Biomedical Engineering

Background:

• Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are derived from renewable resources, offering biodegradability and unique physicochemical properties.
• Their rigid rod-like structure, high surface area, stiffness, and colloidal stability make them attractive for advanced applications.
• Recent research focuses on harnessing these properties for innovative technological solutions.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review recent advancements in cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs).
• To explore the fabrication, properties, and surface modification of CNCs.
• To emphasize the extensive biomedical applications of CNCs.

Main Methods:

• Acid hydrolysis of cellulosic materials (wood, cotton, tunicate, flax) using sonochemistry.
• Characterization of physicochemical properties including rheological, mechanical, thermal, and microstructural aspects.
• Review of literature focusing on biomedical applications and specific nanocellulose studies.

Main Results:

• CNCs exhibit desirable properties like high tensile strength, large surface area, stiffness, and excellent colloidal stability.
• Physicochemical properties are influenced by surface-area-to-volume ratio and crystallinity.
• Significant findings in cellular labeling, bioimaging, tissue engineering, biosensors, drug delivery, and anti-cancer activities were highlighted.

Conclusions:

• Cellulose nanocrystals are versatile nanomaterials with significant potential in various fields, especially biomedicine.
• Their renewable origin and tunable properties facilitate diverse applications from diagnostics to therapeutics.
• Further research into CNCs promises advancements in sustainable materials and healthcare solutions.