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Related Concept Videos

Resistance01:19

Resistance

5.1K
When a current moves through any conductor, the conductor causes some level of difficulty for the current to flow. The measure of that difficulty is known as the resistance of the material and is represented by R. Every material has its own resistance. In the case of conductors, heat is emitted whenever a current passes through them. Resistance depends on the resistivity of the material. Resistivity is a characteristic of the material used to fabricate electrical components, whereas the...
5.1K
Ohm's Law01:19

Ohm's Law

1.5K
Resistors are fundamental components in electrical circuits, often manufactured from metallic alloys or carbon compounds. They model a material's ability to resist the flow of electric current, a characteristic that is crucial in controlling and regulating electrical power within a circuit.
This current-resisting behavior of resistors is governed by Ohm's law, which states that the voltage across a resistor is directly proportional to the current flowing through it.
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Treatment Resistant Cancers02:56

Treatment Resistant Cancers

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Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. A cancer cell is genetically unstable and hence can mutate faster. They can also modify their microenvironment and escape immune surveillance. The difficulties in treating cancer are further compounded by the emergence of rapid resistance to anticancer drugs. The most common ways to attain resistance in cancer cells include alteration in drug transport and metabolism, modification of drug target, elevated DNA damage response, or...
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Resistance and Conductance01:25

Resistance and Conductance

155
A conductor's DC resistance at a given temperature is influenced by its resistivity, length, and cross-sectional area. Resistivity is an inherent property of the conductor material, with annealed copper serving as the international standard for measurement. For instance, the resistivity of hard-drawn aluminum at 20 degrees Celsius is 61% of the standard conductivity of annealed copper.
Various factors impact the resistance of a conductor. Spiraling in stranded conductors increases their...
155
Resistivity01:22

Resistivity

3.9K
When a voltage is applied to a conductor, an electrical field is generated, and charges in the conductor feel the force due to the electrical field. The current density that results depends on the electrical field and the properties of the material. In some materials, including metals at a given temperature, the current density is approximately proportional to the electrical field. In these cases, the current density can be modeled as:
3.9K
Equivalent Resistance01:16

Equivalent Resistance

645
In circuit analysis, situations often arise where resistors are neither in series nor parallel configurations. To tackle such scenarios, three-terminal equivalent networks like the wye (Y) (Figure 1 (a)) or tee (T) and delta (Δ) (Figure 1 (b)) or pi (π) networks come into play. These networks offer versatile solutions and are frequently encountered in various applications, including three-phase electrical systems, electrical filters, and matching networks.
645

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 14, 2025

Implementation of In Vitro Drug Resistance Assays: Maximizing the Potential for Uncovering Clinically Relevant Resistance Mechanisms
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Implementation of In Vitro Drug Resistance Assays: Maximizing the Potential for Uncovering Clinically Relevant Resistance Mechanisms

Published on: December 9, 2015

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Resistance may be futile.

Amy E Baek1

  • 1Science Signaling, AAAS, Washington, DC 20005, USA.

Science Signaling
|November 9, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Tumor-associated macrophages resist CSF1R inhibitors by activating a backup pathway. This involves the CSFR2b-STAT5 signaling route, highlighting a new target for cancer therapy.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cancer Biology
  • Molecular Oncology

Background:

  • Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play a crucial role in tumor progression and immune evasion.
  • CSF1R inhibitors are a promising therapeutic strategy targeting TAMs.
  • Resistance to CSF1R inhibition limits its clinical efficacy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mechanisms by which TAMs evade CSF1R inhibition.
  • To identify compensatory pathways that confer resistance to CSF1R-targeted therapies.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized murine tumor models and primary human TAMs.
  • Employed genetic and pharmacological inhibition of key signaling molecules.
  • Analyzed gene expression, protein phosphorylation, and cell proliferation.

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Establishing Dual Resistance to EGFR-TKI and MET-TKI in Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells In Vitro with a 2-step Dose-escalation Procedure

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A Method for Screening and Validation of Resistant Mutations Against Kinase Inhibitors
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Last Updated: Oct 14, 2025

Implementation of In Vitro Drug Resistance Assays: Maximizing the Potential for Uncovering Clinically Relevant Resistance Mechanisms
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Implementation of In Vitro Drug Resistance Assays: Maximizing the Potential for Uncovering Clinically Relevant Resistance Mechanisms

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Establishing Dual Resistance to EGFR-TKI and MET-TKI in Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells In Vitro with a 2-step Dose-escalation Procedure
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Main Results:

  • TAMs activate a compensatory pathway involving the colony-stimulating factor 2 receptor beta (CSFR2b) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5).
  • This CSFR2b-STAT5 pathway promotes TAM survival and proliferation despite CSF1R blockade.
  • Targeting this compensatory pathway enhances the efficacy of CSF1R inhibitors.

Conclusions:

  • A novel CSFR2b-STAT5-dependent mechanism confers resistance to CSF1R inhibition in TAMs.
  • This pathway represents a potential therapeutic vulnerability for overcoming treatment resistance in cancer.