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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 14, 2025

A Murine Model of Dengue Virus-induced Acute Viral Encephalitis-like Disease
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HIV Encephalopathy Mimicking Acute Demyelinating Processes.

Wasey Ali Yadullahi Mir1, Dhan B Shrestha1, Francesco Fiumara1

  • 1Internal Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Chicago, USA.

Cureus
|November 10, 2021
PubMed
Summary

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This case highlights a patient with advanced acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) encephalopathy presenting with symptoms mimicking multiple sclerosis (MS). Prompt diagnosis and treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) led to significant clinical improvement.

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) encephalopathy is a severe manifestation of HIV-associated neurological disorder (HAND).
  • Diagnosis involves ruling out opportunistic infections via cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis and neuroimaging.
  • Distinguishing HIV encephalopathy from other neurological conditions like multiple sclerosis (MS) is crucial for effective management.

Observation:

  • A 39-year-old female with advanced acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) presented with bilateral lower extremity weakness, pain, and cognitive decline.
  • Initial presentation mimicked acute multiple sclerosis (MS) flares.
  • Laboratory findings revealed leukopenia and positive HIV-1 serology.

Findings:

  • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed demyelinating disease, favoring MS over progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML).
Keywords:
acquired immunodeficiency syndromeantiretroviral therapyhuman immunodeficiency virusleukoencephalopathymultiple sclerosis

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  • Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis was positive for oligoclonal bands but negative for HIV serology.
  • The patient received antiretroviral therapy (ART) for AIDS, with steroids withheld due to potential complications.

    • Implications:

    • Treatment with antiretroviral therapy (ART) resulted in improved immunologic and functional status.
    • This case underscores the importance of a differential diagnosis approach in neurological presentations of advanced HIV.
    • Accurate diagnosis by excluding other neurological mimics is essential for optimal patient care in HIV encephalopathy.