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Obesity

Obesity

The Body Mass Index (BMI) is a numerical value derived from a person's weight and height, used to categorize individuals into weight ranges. It is calculated using the formula: weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared. Obesity is a health condition characterized by excessive accumulation of adipose tissue that poses health risks, often diagnosed with a BMI ≥ 30. This excess fat storage occurs when surplus dietary calories are converted into triglycerides and stored in...

Drug Dosing: Obese Patients

Drug Dosing: Obese Patients

In the United States, obesity is a prominent concern. It is linked to heightened mortality rates due to increased occurrences of conditions such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, and diabetes compared to nonobese individuals. A patient is classified as obese if their actual body weight surpasses the ideal or desirable body weight by 20%, based on Metropolitan Life Insurance Company data. Ideal body weights consider average weights and heights for males and females...

Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Absorption and Distribution

Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Absorption and Distribution

Obesity significantly alters the pharmacokinetic processes of drug absorption and distribution, presenting unique challenges in medical treatment. The increased fat tissue and decreased lean muscle in obese individuals can significantly affect how drugs are absorbed into the body and distributed across different tissues. This alteration can lead to variances in the effectiveness and safety of medications, necessitating adjustments in dosing or drug selection for obese patients.One notable...

Drug Dosing: Infants and Children

Drug Dosing: Infants and Children

Pediatric patient dosages diverge from adults due to disparities in body surface area, total body water, and extracellular fluid per kilogram of body weight. The dosing regimen considers the variations in pharmacokinetics and pharmacology across distinct age groups, encompassing preterm newborns, infants, young children, older children, and adolescents. Calculation of pediatric patient doses is predicated on determining body surface area, which exhibits a superior correlation with the child's...

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism

In pediatric care, understanding the nuances of hepatic drug metabolism is crucial, as it significantly differs from that of adults. This divergence is primarily due to the developmental stage of drug-metabolizing enzymes, which affects how medications are processed in the body. In neonates, for instance, the activity of Phase I enzymes—critical for the initial breakdown of drugs—is markedly reduced, functioning at just 20–40% of the levels seen in adults. This reduction poses...

Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Metabolism and Excretion

Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Metabolism and Excretion

Drug metabolism, a critical process in the liver, involves two primary phases: Phase I reactions and Phase II conjugation. Obesity introduces significant alterations in this metabolic process, primarily due to fatty infiltration of the liver, leading to conditions such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This condition can modify the activities of both Phase I and II enzymes, impacting how drugs are metabolized in obese patients.Phase I metabolism sees variable effects across...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 13, 2025

Assessment of Child Anthropometry in a Large Epidemiologic Study

Assessment of Child Anthropometry in a Large Epidemiologic Study

Published on: February 2, 2017

[Clinical guidelines «Obesity in children»].

V A Peterkova¹, O B Bezlepkina¹, N V Bolotova²

¹Endocrinology Research Center.

Problemy Endokrinologii

|November 12, 2021

Summary

Childhood obesity is a growing pediatric endocrinology concern with lasting health issues. Clinical guidelines offer practitioners evidence-based strategies for diagnosis and treatment.

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Last Updated: Oct 13, 2025

Assessment of Child Anthropometry in a Large Epidemiologic Study

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Published on: February 2, 2017

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Published on: May 30, 2025

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Area of Science:

Pediatric Endocrinology
Metabolic Disorders

Background:

Childhood obesity presents a significant public health challenge.
It is associated with severe metabolic complications.
These complications often persist into adulthood.

Purpose of the Study:

To present updated clinical guidelines for childhood obesity management.
To provide practitioners with a structured approach to diagnosis and treatment.

Main Methods:

Review of epidemiological data on childhood obesity.
Analysis of current obesity classification systems.
Synthesis of evidence-based treatment modalities.

Main Results:

Guidelines cover epidemiology, classification, diagnosis, and treatment.
Emphasis on evidence-based medicine principles.
Structured information for clinical practice.

Conclusions:

Clinical guidelines are essential tools for managing childhood obesity.
Evidence-based approaches are crucial for effective pediatric endocrinology care.