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Updated: Oct 13, 2025

Impact Assessment of Repeated Exposure of Organotypic 3D Bronchial and Nasal Tissue Culture Models to Whole Cigarette Smoke
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Associations between Second-Hand Tobacco Smoke Exposure and Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Physical Activity, and

Melissa Parnell1, Lawrence Foweather2, Greg Whyte2

  • 1Public Health Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L2 2QP, UK.

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
|November 13, 2021
PubMed

Insights

Second-hand smoke exposure negatively impacts children's cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). This finding is significant as many children experience SHS, highlighting public health and sports science implications.

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Health
  • Environmental Health
  • Sports and Exercise Science

Background:

  • Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and physical activity (PA) are vital for child health.
  • UK children often fall short of recommended PA levels, with declining CRF.
  • The impact of second-hand smoke (SHS) on children's CRF and PA is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between SHS exposure and CRF in children.
  • To examine the relationship between SHS exposure and PA in children.
  • To assess the impact of SHS exposure on children's respiratory health.

Main Methods:

  • 104 children (9-11 years) from UK primary schools in deprived areas participated.
  • SHS exposure was measured via household smoking surveys and exhaled carbon monoxide.
  • CRF (VO2peak) was assessed using a maximal treadmill test; respiratory health was evaluated using spirometry and fractional exhaled nitric oxide.

Main Results:

  • SHS exposure was significantly associated with lower CRF (allometrically scaled VO2peak).
  • No significant association was found between SHS exposure and PA.
  • SHS exposure did not show a significant association with respiratory health indicators.

Conclusions:

  • SHS exposure is detrimental to children's cardiorespiratory fitness.
  • With approximately one-third of children exposed to SHS, these findings have public health relevance.
  • The results underscore the importance of reducing SHS exposure for children's health and fitness.
Abstract

Keywords:
VO2peakcardiorespiratory fitnesschildrenlow socioeconomic statusphysical activityrespiratory healthsecond-hand smoke

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