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Related Concept Videos

Field Application of Global Positioning System01:28

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The Global Positioning System (GPS) has become an indispensable tool in fieldwork, offering unparalleled precision and efficiency for surveying, navigation, and infrastructure development. By harnessing signals from a constellation of satellites, GPS receivers determine the location of objects with remarkable speed and accuracy, often completing calculations within a second.Advantages of Modern GPS TechnologyContemporary GPS receivers are designed to meet the practical demands of field...
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GPS surveying methods vary in application, accuracy, and data collection techniques, catering to diverse surveying and mapping needs. Static GPS, kinematic GPS, and real-time kinematic (RTK) surveying are widely used. Each technique offers distinct advantages.Static GPS involves placing one receiver at a known reference point and another at the target point. It collects exact positional data by observing multiple satellite ranges over an extended period, achieving centimeter-level accuracy for...
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Global Positioning System (GPS) technology has revolutionized navigation and positioning, but its accuracy is often compromised by various errors. These errors, stemming from environmental, satellite, and receiver-related factors, require careful mitigation to ensure reliable performance across applications.Atmospheric ErrorsGPS signals travel through the Earth’s ionosphere and troposphere, introducing delays which affect accuracy. The ionosphere is strongly influenced by charged particles,...
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The Global Positioning System (GPS) revolutionized positioning on Earth, providing precise location data through satellite ranging. The GPS system was developed in 1978 by the U.S. Department of Defense  for military use, and it became available for civilian applications in 1983, transforming fields including navigation, fleet management, and time synchronization for telecommunications systems.GPS consists of satellites in medium Earth orbit, about 20,200 kilometers above the surface,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 13, 2025

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WiFi FTM, UWB and Cellular-Based Radio Fusion for Indoor Positioning.

Carlos S Álvarez-Merino1, Hao Qiang Luo-Chen1, Emil Jatib Khatib1

  • 1Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Telecomunicación (TELMA), University of Málaga, CEI Andalucia TECH E.T.S.I. Ingeniería de Telecommunication, Bulevar Louis Pasteur 35, 29010 Málaga, Spain.

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Summary

This study introduces a cost-effective method for high-precision indoor localisation by fusing ultra-wide band (UWB) and WiFi Fine-Time Measurement (FTM) technologies. This multi-technology approach enhances accuracy and availability for emerging location-based services.

Keywords:
LTEUWBWiFi fine time measurementfusion technologiesindoor positioningmaximum likelihood estimator

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Area of Science:

  • Engineering
  • Computer Science
  • Telecommunications

Background:

  • High-precision indoor localisation is crucial for emerging 5G location-based services.
  • Current technologies often require dense, costly reference point deployments.
  • Limited reference points can reduce the availability and reliability of indoor location services.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose and validate a novel multi-technology fusion approach for high-precision indoor localisation.
  • To reduce the cost and increase the availability of indoor location services.
  • To improve the accuracy and coverage of indoor positioning systems.

Main Methods:

  • Opportunistic fusion of ultra-wide band (UWB) and WiFi Fine-Time Measurement (FTM) technologies.
  • Integration of cellular networks like LTE to complement under-determined reference point scenarios.
  • Application of Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) for weighting reference points and outlier elimination.
  • Evaluation of various searching methods within the localisation algorithm.
  • Experimental validation using UWB and WiFi FTM on flagship smartphones.

Main Results:

  • Multi-technology fusion significantly optimizes the precise coverage area in trilateration algorithms.
  • Over-determining the positioning problem reduces overall positioning error.
  • The proposed system demonstrates enhanced performance compared to single-technology approaches.
  • Experimental validation confirms the effectiveness of fusing UWB and WiFi FTM.

Conclusions:

  • Opportunistic fusion of UWB, WiFi FTM, and LTE offers a cost-effective solution for high-precision indoor localisation.
  • This approach enhances the performance, accuracy, and availability of location services.
  • Reduced reliance on a high density of reference points lowers network deployment costs.