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Calcium-Scoring CT ScanA calcium-scoring CT scan, also known as coronary artery calcium (CAC) scan, detects calcium deposits in the coronary arteries. This test assesses the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD), which can lead to cardiovascular events such as angina, heart failure, and sudden cardiac arrest.A calcium-scoring CT scan is generally recommended for individuals at intermediate risk of CAD without symptoms. It includes:Men aged 40-75 and women aged 50-75: Especially those with a...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 13, 2025

Scanning Skeletal Remains for Bone Mineral Density in Forensic Contexts
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Bone Mineral Density Screening System Using CMOS-Sensor X-ray Detector.

Areerat Maneerat1, Sarinporn Visitsattapongse1, Chuchart Pintavirooj1

  • 1School of Engineering, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|November 13, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study presents a low-cost dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) system for measuring bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC). The system shows high accuracy compared to commercial models, making it suitable for osteoporosis screening.

Keywords:
DEXAbone mineral contentbone mineral densitydual energy X-ray

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Imaging
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Osteoporosis poses a significant health risk, particularly for the elderly.
  • Accurate bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) measurements are crucial for osteoporosis diagnosis and management.
  • Existing DEXA systems can be expensive and inaccessible in many healthcare settings.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and construct a cost-effective dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) system for BMD and BMC measurement.
  • To evaluate the accuracy and reliability of the developed system compared to commercial DEXA devices.
  • To enable widespread osteoporosis screening in district hospitals.

Main Methods:

  • Developed an indirect X-ray detector using optical coupling of a CMOS sensor with an intensifying screen.
  • Utilized a dedicated microcontroller X-ray apparatus to capture dual-energy X-rays of the middle phalanges bone.
  • Applied the modified Beer-Lambert law for BMD calculation and active contour for BMC determination.

Main Results:

  • The developed system demonstrated a strong linear correlation (R² = 0.969) with BMD measurements from a commercial model.
  • Achieved a low mean square error (0.0000981) between normalized BMD values from the developed and commercial systems.
  • The system successfully computed both BMD and BMC using processed X-ray images.

Conclusions:

  • The designed low-cost DEXA system is a viable tool for accurate BMD and BMC assessment.
  • This system holds potential for widespread distribution in district hospitals for early osteoporosis screening.
  • The findings support the use of this accessible technology for improving elderly bone health monitoring.