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Nano Milk Protein-Mucilage Complexes: Characterization and Anticancer Effect.

Ahmed Ali Abd El-Maksoud1, Amal I A Makhlouf2, Ammar B Altemimi3

  • 1Dairy Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt.

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Summary

Milk protein mucilage complexes (MPMC) show potent anticancer activity against liver and breast cancer cells. These natural compounds inhibit cancer growth and induce apoptosis with minimal side effects, offering a promising alternative to conventional therapies.

Keywords:
Isabgol husk mucilageNabeq mucilageanticancer activitymilk proteinsmilk proteins mucilage complexes

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Area of Science:

  • Natural product chemistry
  • Biochemistry
  • Pharmacology
  • Materials science

Background:

  • Natural compounds are increasingly researched for anticancer properties.
  • Milk proteins (MP) and plant-derived mucilages (Isabgol husk mucilage - IHM, Ziziphus spina-christi mucilage - NabM) are abundant natural resources.
  • Complexation of these biomaterials can yield novel functional properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the complexation of milk proteins with Isabgol husk mucilage and Ziziphus spina-christi mucilage.
  • To characterize the physicochemical, antioxidant, and anticancer properties of the resulting milk protein mucilage complexes (MPMC).
  • To evaluate the potential of MPMC as a novel anticancer therapeutic agent.

Main Methods:

  • Complexation of milk proteins with Isabgol husk mucilage and Ziziphus spina-christi mucilage.
  • Physicochemical characterization (pH, Carr's index, solubility, absorption, flow behavior).
  • Analysis of amino acid profile, protein digestibility, phenolic and flavonoid content.
  • Microstructural analysis using transmission electron microscopy.
  • Antioxidant activity assays (DPPH, ABTS, HS radicals, DNA damage prevention).
  • In vitro anticancer activity testing against HEPG-2 (liver) and MCF-7 (breast) cancer cell lines using neutral red uptake assay.
  • Apoptosis gene expression analysis (RT-qPCR for Caspase-3, p53, Bax, Bcl-2).

Main Results:

  • MPMC exhibited favorable physicochemical properties and flow behavior.
  • MPMC demonstrated significant antioxidant activity, scavenging free radicals and preventing oxidative DNA damage.
  • MPMC significantly inhibited the growth of HEPG-2 and MCF-7 cancer cells with no observed cytotoxicity in normal cell lines (Bj-1, MCF-12F).
  • MPMC induced apoptosis in cancer cells by upregulating pro-apoptotic genes (Caspase-3, p53, Bax) and downregulating anti-apoptotic gene (Bcl-2).

Conclusions:

  • Milk protein mucilage complexes (MPMC) possess significant anticancer properties against liver and breast cancer cell lines.
  • MPMC demonstrate potent antioxidant and pro-apoptotic activities.
  • MPMC represent a promising natural-based therapeutic candidate for cancer treatment with a favorable safety profile compared to conventional chemotherapy.