In and around the pineal gland: a neuroimaging review

Area of Science:

• Neurology
• Radiology
• Oncology

Background:

• Pineal region lesions present a diverse spectrum, including benign cysts and malignant neoplasms.
• Pineal cysts are common incidental findings, yet imaging follow-up guidelines lack consensus.
• Solid pineal neoplasms present diagnostic challenges due to overlapping imaging features.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the radiological anatomy of the pineal region.
• To discuss clinical symptoms, imaging characteristics, and differential diagnoses of pineal region lesions.
• To highlight clinical management strategies for these pathologies.

Main Methods:

• Review of radiological anatomy and pathology of the pineal region.
• Analysis of imaging appearances and clinical findings for differential diagnosis.
• Discussion of current clinical management approaches.

Main Results:

• Pineal cysts are frequently incidental, with varied follow-up recommendations.
• Solid pineal neoplasms require a multimodal diagnostic approach combining imaging, clinical data, and tumor markers.
• Accurate diagnosis is crucial for appropriate management of pineal region pathologies.

Conclusions:

• A comprehensive understanding of radiological anatomy and lesion characteristics is essential.
• Multimodal diagnostic strategies aid in differentiating benign from malignant pineal lesions.
• Standardized management protocols are needed for optimal patient outcomes.