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Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction01:23

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Rheumatic heart disease or RHD is a chronic condition that results from rheumatic fever, causing permanent damage to the heart valves.Etiology and Risk FactorsIt primarily arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease that can develop after untreated or inadequately treated group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis. Streptococcus spreads through direct contact with oral or respiratory secretions. While the bacteria are the causative agents, factors like malnutrition, overcrowding, poor...
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Chronic bowel diseases are a group of long-term conditions affecting the digestive tract, characterized by inflammation and damage to the gut lining. These conditions primarily include irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease.
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Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses  or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
Synarthrosis
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Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints01:17

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As the name indicates, at a cartilaginous joint, the adjacent bones are united by cartilage, a tough but flexible type of connective tissue. Unlike synovial joints, these types of joints lack a joint cavity and involve bones joined together by either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.
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The key clinical manifestations of Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) include several distinct cardiac symptoms.Carditis, a hallmark of acute rheumatic fever, involves inflammation of the heart's endocardium, myocardium, and pericardium. Chronic RHD often results from recurrent episodes of carditis. Its symptoms include the following:Murmurs are caused by valvular damage, especially to the mitral and aortic valves. Mitral stenosis or regurgitation is common, with characteristic heart murmurs...
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Genome-wide association studies or GWAS are used to identify whether common SNPs are associated with certain diseases. Suppose specific SNPs are more frequently observed in individuals with a particular disease than those without the disease. In that case, those SNPs are said to be associated with the disease. Chi-square analysis is performed to check the probability of the allele likely to be associated with the disease.
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Spondyloarthritides.

Hope A Taitt1, Rithvik Balakrishnan1

  • 1Department of Emergency Medicine, Kings County Hospital, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Kings County Hospital Center, Room CG65, 451 Clarkson Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA.

Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America
|November 16, 2021
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Spondyloarthritides, including ankylosing spondylitis and psoriatic arthritis, share genetic links (HLA-B27) and symptoms like back pain and joint swelling. Early diagnosis is crucial to prevent mobility loss.

Keywords:
Ankylosing spondylitisAxial spondylitisInflammatory bowel disease–associated spondyloarthritisPsoriatic arthritisReactive arthritisSpondyloarthritides

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Area of Science:

  • Rheumatology
  • Immunogenetics

Background:

  • Spondyloarthritides encompass related inflammatory conditions: ankylosing spondylitis, reactive arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease-associated arthritis, and psoriatic arthritis.
  • These conditions share clinical features and a genetic predisposition linked to HLA-B27.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To delineate the spectrum of spondyloarthropathies.
  • To highlight common diagnostic challenges and their consequences.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical and genetic characteristics of spondyloarthropathies.
  • Analysis of symptom presentation and diagnostic timelines.

Main Results:

  • Key manifestations include inflammatory back pain, enthesitis, oligoarthritis, and dactylitis.
  • Symptom onset often occurs before age 45, but diagnosis can be delayed.
  • Delayed diagnosis leads to progressive inflammation, structural damage, and reduced mobility.

Conclusions:

  • Spondyloarthritides represent a group of interconnected diseases requiring comprehensive diagnostic approaches.
  • Timely identification and management are essential to mitigate long-term physical disability.