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Related Concept Videos

Allergic Drug Reactions01:27

Allergic Drug Reactions

1.0K
Allergic reactions related to drugs are hypersensitivity responses driven by the immune system and bear no connection to the drug's therapeutic action. While drugs in isolation do not trigger an immune response, they can interact with endogenous proteins to form antigens. These antigens stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies. IgE-type antibodies attach themselves to mast cells. Upon subsequent exposure to the same stimulus, the antigen-antibody interaction is initiated, unleashing...
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Hypersensitivities01:30

Hypersensitivities

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Hypersensitivity, also known as a hypersensitivity reaction or allergic reaction, is a condition where the body's immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance. Such substances, that cause hypersensitivity are referred to as an allergen, could be something typically harmless to most people, like pollen or certain foods.
Types of Hypersensitivities
Hypersensitivity reactions are categorized into four types: Type 1, Type 2, Type 3, and Type 4. Each type has a distinct mechanism...
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Allergic Reactions02:06

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Overview
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Desensitization and Tachyphylaxis01:20

Desensitization and Tachyphylaxis

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Tachyphylaxis is described as a rapid decrease in response to a drug after repeated or continuous administration of the same drug dose. It is a phenomenon where the body becomes less responsive to a particular substance or intervention over time, requiring higher doses or stronger interventions to achieve the same effect. It results from adaptive changes in the body's receptors, signaling pathways, or physiological processes that occur in response to prolonged exposure to a stimulus.
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Pharmacovigilance01:19

Pharmacovigilance

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Post-marketing surveillance is a critical component of pharmaceutical regulation, often uncovering unanticipated adverse drug reactions (ADRs) once a drug is widely used over an extended period.
This process, termed pharmacovigilance, aims to detect, evaluate, and minimize harmful effects related to medication use. The data collection for pharmacovigilance depends on spontaneous reporting systems, where healthcare professionals or patients voluntarily report suspected ADRs.
In some cases, there...
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Drug Excretion: Miscellaneous Routes01:10

Drug Excretion: Miscellaneous Routes

154
Drug excretion involves various organs, including the liver, intestines, skin, and eyes. In the case of drugs or toxins, they can be actively secreted into bile by transporters in the hepatocyte's canalicular membrane. These substances enter the GI tract during digestion and may be reabsorbed into the body from the intestine. This process, known as enterohepatic recycling, can significantly prolong the presence and effects of a substance in the body. To interrupt this cycle, specific...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 13, 2025

Basophil Activation Test for Investigation of IgE-Mediated Mechanisms in Drug Hypersensitivity
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Basophil Activation Test for Investigation of IgE-Mediated Mechanisms in Drug Hypersensitivity

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Drug Hypersensitivity Reactions.

R Gentry Wilkerson1

  • 1Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 110 South Paca Street, 6th Floor, Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.

Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America
|November 16, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Drug hypersensitivity reactions (DHRs) involve immune responses to medications. Understanding Gell and Coombs classifications, including anaphylaxis and severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs), is crucial for emergency physicians.

Keywords:
Adverse drug reactionAnaphylaxisDrug allergyDrug hypersensitivityHypersensitivity reactionsSevere cutaneous adverse reactions

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Dermatology
  • Emergency Medicine

Background:

  • Drug hypersensitivity reactions (DHRs) are immune-mediated responses to medications.
  • The Gell and Coombs classification categorizes immunologic DHRs into four main types based on mechanism.
  • Immediate recognition and treatment are vital for Type I hypersensitivity reactions like anaphylaxis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the diverse types of drug hypersensitivity reactions.
  • To emphasize the importance of understanding DHRs for emergency physicians.
  • To outline approaches for evaluating and treating patients with DHRs.

Main Methods:

  • Review of the Gell and Coombs classification of immunologic hypersensitivity.
  • Categorization of DHRs including Type I (anaphylaxis) and Type IV (SCARs).
  • Discussion of specific severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs) such as DRESS, SJS, TEN, and AGEP.

Main Results:

  • DHRs are diverse, classified by immunologic mechanisms.
  • Anaphylaxis (Type I) requires immediate medical intervention.
  • Severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs), including DRESS, SJS, TEN, and AGEP (Type IV), are dermatologic emergencies.

Conclusions:

  • Emergency physicians must understand various DHRs and their classifications.
  • Prompt identification and management of DHRs, especially anaphylaxis and SCARs, are critical.
  • A thorough understanding facilitates appropriate patient evaluation and treatment strategies for DHRs.