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Biases can arise at various stages of research, from study design and data collection to analysis and interpretation. Recognizing and addressing these biases is essential to ensure the validity and reliability of epidemiological findings.Broadly speaking, biases in epidemiology fall into three main categories: selection bias, information bias, and confounding. A more detailed description of possible biases is:  
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Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination02:55

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Humans are very diverse and although we share many similarities, we also have many differences. The social groups we belong to help form our identities (Tajfel, 1974). These differences may be difficult for some people to reconcile, which may lead to prejudice toward people who are different. Prejudice is a negative attitude and feeling toward an individual based solely on one’s membership in a particular social group (Allport, 1954; Brown, 2010). Prejudice is common against people who...
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Confounding in statistical epidemiology represents a pivotal challenge, referring to the distortion in the perceived relationship between an exposure and an outcome due to the presence of a third variable, known as a confounder. This variable is associated with both the exposure and the outcome but is not a direct link in their causal chain. Its presence can lead to erroneous interpretations of the exposure's effect, either exaggerating or underestimating the true association. This...
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Pervasive structural racism in environmental epidemiology.

Melissa J Perry1, Suzanne Arrington2, Marlaina S Freisthler2

  • 1Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, 950 New Hampshire Ave NW Suite 400, Washington, DC, 20052, USA. mperry@gwu.edu.

Environmental Health : a Global Access Science Source
|November 17, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Environmental epidemiology must address structural racism to understand health disparities. Ignoring racism neglects the health of entire populations, particularly Black, Indigenous, and people of color (BIPOC).

Keywords:
Environmental epidemiologyEnvironmental healthEnvironmental justiceMale reproductive healthRacismSolutionsStructural racism

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Epidemiology
  • Public Health
  • Social Determinants of Health

Background:

  • Epistemological biases in environmental epidemiology hinder understanding of how societal racism impacts health outcomes.
  • Environmental epidemiology can investigate structural racism to address health disparities.

Discussion:

  • Environmental epidemiology has historically overlooked the impact of racism on population health.
  • Integrating environmental justice research into mainstream epidemiology is crucial.
  • Current epidemiological paradigms fail to account for the social dimensions of health, neglecting diverse populations.

Key Insights:

  • Failing to address racism in environmental health research leads to the neglect of entire populations.
  • Excluding Black, Indigenous, and people of color (BIPOC) from research limits understanding of environmental contaminant effects.
  • Structural racism permeates environmental epidemiology, affecting research questions, methods, results, and impacts.

Outlook:

  • Proactively investigate structural racist forces driving health disparities.
  • Implement practical solutions: name racism in research, include BIPOC in leadership, mandate race discussions, conduct holistic analyses, increase community participation, and improve racism training.
  • Advance environmental epidemiology by integrating social determinants and addressing systemic inequities for improved population health for all.