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Related Concept Videos

Deleterious Substances in Aggregate01:25

Deleterious Substances in Aggregate

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Deleterious substances in aggregates can be detrimental to the quality and durability of concrete. These substances include organic impurities like loam, which interfere with cement hydration and are usually present in the sand. These prevent a good bond between aggregate and cement paste. Organic impurities can be detected using the colorimetric test, where the darkness of a solution after agitation indicates the level of organic content.
Another type of impurity is clay and fine material that...
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Design Example: Aggregate Gradation01:24

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The right type and quality of aggregates are crucial for concrete as they significantly influence its properties, mix proportions, and cost-effectiveness. If different sources are available for sand, the commonly used fine aggregate in concrete, the selection of sand is primarily based on its gradation.
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The fineness modulus (FM) of aggregate is a numerical index that measures the coarseness or fineness of the particles. It is calculated by adding the cumulative percentages of aggregate retained on each of a specified series of sieves and dividing the sum by 100.
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Aggregate shape is classified based on the relative sharpness or roundness of the edges and corners. This classification includes categories like rounded, angular, elongated, and flaky, each with specific characteristics. Rounded aggregates, fully shaped by attrition, are typical of river or seashore gravel, while angular aggregates, such as crushed rock, have well-defined edges. Aggregates that are elongated and flaky are less desirable, as they can reduce the workability and strength of...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 13, 2025

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Microstructural differences between naturally-deposited and laboratory beach sands.

Amy Ferrick1, Vanshan Wright2,3, Michael Manga1

  • 1Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720 USA.

Granular Matter
|November 17, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Naturally deposited beach sands show distinct microstructures compared to laboratory-created sands. Flowing water on beaches reorients sand grains, influencing their contact and orientation, unlike simple air pluviation methods.

Keywords:
Coordination numberMicrostructurePluviationX-ray computed microtomography

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Area of Science:

  • Geology
  • Materials Science
  • Physics

Background:

  • Sand microstructure, including grain orientation and contacts, reflects depositional processes.
  • Microstructure significantly influences the mechanical properties of granular materials.
  • Understanding sand microstructure offers insights into depositional environments and material behavior.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the microstructural differences between naturally deposited beach sands and laboratory-created sands using air pluviation.
  • To correlate observed microstructural features with the respective depositional methods.
  • To investigate the relationship between sand microstructure and macroscopic properties.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing X-ray computed microtomography (micro-CT) for high-resolution 3D imaging of sand samples.
  • Analyzing grain orientation distributions and coordination numbers (number of grain contacts).
  • Comparing micro-CT data from natural beach sands and laboratory-prepared sands via air pluviation.

Main Results:

  • Naturally deposited sands exhibit a narrower distribution of coordination numbers compared to pluviated sands.
  • Beach sands show a broader distribution of grain orientations, with grains inclined to the horizontal.
  • Pluviated sands display a more horizontal grain orientation and a wider coordination number distribution.

Conclusions:

  • Depositional processes significantly impact sand microstructure.
  • Flowing water in beach environments actively reorients grains, leading to distinct microstructures.
  • Microstructural variations explain differences in mechanical properties between natural and laboratory sands.