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Related Concept Videos

Types of Selection01:46

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Natural selection influences the frequencies of particular alleles and phenotypes within populations in several different ways. Primarily, natural selection can be directional, stabilizing, or disruptive. Directional selection favors one extreme trait and shifts the population towards that phenotype while selecting against individuals displaying alternate traits. Stabilizing selection favors an intermediate trait with a narrow range of variation. Deviation from the optimal phenotype towards an...
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The human body employs intricate mechanisms to counteract changes in blood pH, preventing conditions like acidosis (pH < 7.35) and alkalosis (pH > 7.45). These compensatory responses aim to restore normal arterial blood pH by engaging respiratory or renal systems, depending on the source of the imbalance.
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In the case of stringed instruments like the guitar, the elastic property that determines the speed of the sound produced is its linear mass density or the mass per unit length. This is simply called the linear density. If the string's linear density is constant along the string, then the linear density is simply the total mass divided by the total length.
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Humans are very diverse and although we share many similarities, we also have many differences. The social groups we belong to help form our identities (Tajfel, 1974). These differences may be difficult for some people to reconcile, which may lead to prejudice toward people who are different. Prejudice is a negative attitude and feeling toward an individual based solely on one’s membership in a particular social group (Allport, 1954; Brown, 2010). Prejudice is common against people who...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 13, 2025

Intracortical Inhibition Within the Primary Motor Cortex Can Be Modulated by Changing the Focus of Attention
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Selective Optimization and Compensation, Skilled Golf Performance, and Age.

Bert Hayslip1, Trent A Petrie1, Gretchen Jones1

  • 1Psychology, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA.

International Journal of Aging & Human Development
|November 17, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Older golfers use adaptive strategies like equipment selection to maintain performance, aligning with Selection, Optimization, and Compensation (SOC) theory. However, they engage less in other SOC strategies, impacting overall game improvement.

Keywords:
compensationgolfolder adultsoptimizationselection

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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology and Sports Science
  • Psychology of Aging
  • Human Performance

Background:

  • Selection, Optimization, and Compensation (SOC) theory provides a framework for understanding adaptive strategies in aging.
  • Understanding how aging affects performance in competitive sports like golf is crucial for maintaining engagement and well-being.
  • Previous research has explored age-related differences in cognitive and physical abilities, but less is known about adaptive strategy use in skilled athletes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To test predictions of Selection, Optimization, and Compensation (SOC) theory concerning skilled golf performance and aging.
  • To investigate how older golfers adapt their strategies compared to younger counterparts in a competitive amateur setting.
  • To determine the relationship between SOC strategies and tournament performance across different age groups.

Main Methods:

  • A large sample of 1,324 amateur golfers (aged 17-85) participated in a three-day tournament.
  • Data collected included tournament performance (scores) and self-reported use of SOC strategies (selection, optimization, compensation).
  • Statistical analyses examined the correlation between age, SOC strategy use, and golf performance.

Main Results:

  • Older golfers demonstrated higher SOC selection, particularly in identifying game difficulties and using performance-enhancing equipment.
  • SOC selection and maintaining competitiveness were significant predictors of better tournament performance for older players.
  • Older and middle-aged golfers were less likely to engage in SOC optimization and compensation strategies and perceived fewer game improvement techniques as effective.

Conclusions:

  • Findings offer partial support for SOC theory in the context of aging and skilled golf performance.
  • Older golfers effectively utilize specific adaptive strategies (e.g., equipment selection) but show reduced engagement in others (optimization, compensation).
  • The study highlights the complex interplay between age, strategy use, and performance in competitive sports, offering insights for lifelong participation.