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Vaccinations

Vaccinations

Drug Dosing: Infants and Children

Drug Dosing: Infants and Children

Pediatric patient dosages diverge from adults due to disparities in body surface area, total body water, and extracellular fluid per kilogram of body weight. The dosing regimen considers the variations in pharmacokinetics and pharmacology across distinct age groups, encompassing preterm newborns, infants, young children, older children, and adolescents. Calculation of pediatric patient doses is predicated on determining body surface area, which exhibits a superior correlation with the child's...

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution

Drug distribution in the pediatric population exhibits unique challenges and considerations due to the physiological differences between children, particularly neonates and infants, and adults. A crucial aspect of pediatric pharmacology is understanding how these differences impact the pharmacokinetics of various drugs, necessitating age-specific dosing strategies to ensure efficacy and safety.Neonates and infants have a higher total body water content, ~75%–90% of their body weight,...

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption

Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism

In pediatric care, understanding the nuances of hepatic drug metabolism is crucial, as it significantly differs from that of adults. This divergence is primarily due to the developmental stage of drug-metabolizing enzymes, which affects how medications are processed in the body. In neonates, for instance, the activity of Phase I enzymes—critical for the initial breakdown of drugs—is markedly reduced, functioning at just 20–40% of the levels seen in adults. This reduction poses...

Cancer Vaccines

Cancer Vaccines

Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 13, 2025

Detection of Polyfunctional T Cells in Children Vaccinated with Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine via the Flow Cytometry Technique

Detection of Polyfunctional T Cells in Children Vaccinated with Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine via the Flow Cytometry Technique

Published on: September 23, 2022

COVID-19 vaccines for children.

Jeffrey S Gerber¹, Paul A Offit²

¹Jeffrey S. Gerber is an associate professor of Pediatrics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA and deputy director of the Center for Pediatric Clinical Effectiveness at Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)

|November 18, 2021

Summary

Pfizer

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Area of Science:

Pediatric infectious diseases
Vaccinology
Public health

Background:

The US CDC recommends Pfizer's COVID-19 mRNA vaccine for 28 million children aged 5-11.
Parental vaccine hesitancy is high, with 42-66% reluctant or opposed.
Widespread natural infection with SARS-CoV-2 is probable for all, including children.

Discussion:

Comparing the risks of COVID-19 vaccination versus natural SARS-CoV-2 infection in children.
Addressing parental concerns regarding pediatric COVID-19 vaccination.
Evaluating the long-term health implications of childhood COVID-19 infection.

Key Insights:

The dilemma for parents: choosing between vaccination and natural infection for their children.
Understanding the comparative safety and efficacy profiles of vaccines and natural immunity.
The critical need for clear, evidence-based information to guide parental decisions.

Outlook:

Potential strategies to increase pediatric COVID-19 vaccine uptake.
Ongoing research into the long-term effects of COVID-19 in children.
The role of vaccination in mitigating the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on pediatric populations.