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Related Concept Videos

Bone Structure01:55

Bone Structure

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Within the skeletal system, the structure of a bone, or osseous tissue, can be exemplified in a long bone, like the femur, where there are two types of osseous tissue: cortical and cancellous.
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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Classification of Bones01:18

Classification of Bones

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The bones of the human skeletal system are of varied shapes, sizes, and functions. They can be classified based on their shape and function into four major classes: long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones. Some classifications include a fifth type, the sesamoid bones, as a separate class, whereas others categorize them under short bones.
Long and Short Bones
The appendicular skeleton, particularly the upper and lower limbs, is primarily made of long and short bones. The...
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Compact Bone01:27

Compact Bone

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Most bones contain compact and spongy osseous tissue, but their distribution and concentration vary based on the bone's overall function.
Compact bone, also called cortical bone, is the denser, stronger of the two types of bone tissue. It is found under the periosteum and in the diaphyses of long bones, where it provides support and protection. The microscopic structural unit of compact bone is called an osteon, or haversian system. Each osteon is composed of concentric rings of calcified...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna01:15

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna

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The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side...
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Carbon Skeletons01:12

Carbon Skeletons

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Life on Earth is carbon-based, as all macromolecules that make up living organisms contain carbon atoms. All organic compounds have a carbon backbone. Each carbon atom is tetravalent and can bond with four other atoms, making it an extraordinarily flexible component of biological molecules. Because carbon’s valence electrons are stable, it rarely becomes an ion. As the carbon chain increases in length, structural modifications such as ring structures, double bonds, and branching side...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 13, 2025

Optimized Bone Sampling Protocols for the Retrieval of Ancient DNA from Archaeological Remains
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Optimized Bone Sampling Protocols for the Retrieval of Ancient DNA from Archaeological Remains

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Direct STR typing from human bones.

Cheng Ho Phua1, Thitika Kitpipit2, Jintana Pradutkanchana3

  • 1Forensic Science Program, Division of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand.

Forensic Science International
|November 18, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new direct short tandem repeat (STR) typing protocol simplifies bone DNA analysis. This rapid method improves STR typing from bone samples, making identification faster and more efficient.

Keywords:
Bone elementsCancellous and compact bonesDirect PCRHuman bonesSTR typing

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Area of Science:

  • Forensic Science
  • Molecular Biology
  • Anthropology

Background:

  • Traditional STR analysis of bone samples is hindered by time-consuming decalcification and complex DNA extraction.
  • Efficient DNA profiling from skeletal remains is crucial for identification in forensic and archaeological contexts.
  • Streamlining bone DNA analysis can significantly reduce turnaround times in forensic casework.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and optimize a direct short tandem repeat (STR) typing protocol for bone samples.
  • To evaluate the efficiency and performance of the direct STR typing protocol across various bone elements.
  • To compare the direct STR typing method with conventional STR typing for casework samples.

Main Methods:

  • Optimization of bone sample quantity (100 mg powder) and buffer conditions (300 µL PBS) for direct DNA amplification.
  • Heat treatment at 98°C for three minutes to obtain supernatant for DNA amplification.
  • Evaluation of two commercial PCR kits (Identifiler™ Plus and IDplex Plus) and testing on seven bone elements (N=105).

Main Results:

  • The optimized direct STR typing protocol achieved 94.3% high partial to full profiles across seven bone elements.
  • IDplex Plus kit demonstrated superior allele recovery and peak height compared to Identifiler™ Plus.
  • No significant difference in allele counts was observed between direct and conventional STR typing in casework samples (up to 7-year PMI).

Conclusions:

  • The developed direct STR typing protocol is rapid, convenient, and safe, significantly streamlining bone DNA analysis.
  • The protocol shows consistent performance across different bone elements, with cancellous bone yielding better results than compact bone.
  • This method has the potential to enhance STR typing efficiency from challenging bone samples in forensic investigations.