NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation Enhances ADK Expression to Accelerate Epilepsy in Mice

Epilepsy (SE) is a common and serious neurological disease. NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome participates in the pathogenesis of SE, while its underlying mechanism is still unclear. Here, we attempted to explore the mechanism of action of NLRP3 inflammasome in SE. SE mouse model was constructed by administration of kainic acid (KA). Astrocytes were treated with KA to mimic SE cell model. MCC950 (NLRP3 inhibitor) and Z-YVAD-FMK (Caspase-1 inhibitor) were used to treat astrocytes to inhibit the activity of NLRP3 and Caspase-1. Nissl staining was performed to examine the morphology of neuron. Western blot, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunofluorescence staining were performed to assess protein expression. SE mouse model exhibited an increase of neuronal loss, and an up-regulation of Cleaved-Caspase-1, IL-1β and IL-18 in hippocampus. The levels of GFAP⁺ADK⁺ cells were significantly increased in SE mice. MCC950 or Z-YVAD-FMK abolished these impacts conferred by KA in SE mice. Moreover, KA treatment enhanced the expression of NLRP3, Cleaved-Caspase-1, IL-1β and IL-18 in astrocytes, which was rescued by knockdown of NLRP3 or Caspase-1. Additionally, CREB, p-CREB, REST were up-regulated, and SP1 was down-regulated in the KA-treated SE mice and KA-treated astrocytes. Inhibition of NLRP3 or Caspase-1 rescued these proteins expression in KA-treated astrocytes. CREB or REST silencing reduced adenosine kinase (ADK) expression, while SP1 knockdown enhanced ADK expression in KA-treated astrocytes. In conclusion, NLRP3 inflammasome activation enhances ADK expression to accelerate SE in mice through regulating CREB/REST/SP1 signaling pathway. Thus, inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome may be a treatment for SE.