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Related Concept Videos

Human Genetics01:28

Human Genetics

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Human genetics provides a profound framework for understanding the interplay between genetic predispositions and human psychology. At the heart of this discipline lies the study of how genes influence physical traits, behaviors, and susceptibility to diseases. Each person carries a unique genetic code that subtly or significantly shapes their psychological and behavioral landscape.
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Epigenetic Regulation01:46

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Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
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Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder01:30

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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects approximately 5-8% of children globally, with around 60-70% of cases persisting into adulthood. ADHD has significant implications for educational attainment, social interactions, and occupational success.
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Nucleosome Remodeling02:54

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Nucleosomes are the basic units of chromatin compaction. Each nucleosome consists of the DNA bound tightly around a histone core, which makes the DNA inaccessible to DNA binding proteins such as DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase. Hence, the fundamental problem is to ensure access to DNA when appropriate, despite the compact and protective chromatin structure.
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Rapid Detection of Neurodevelopmental Phenotypes in Human Neural Precursor Cells NPCs
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The Epigenome in Neurodevelopmental Disorders.

Julia Reichard1,2, Geraldine Zimmer-Bensch1,2

  • 1Functional Epigenetics in the Animal Model, Institute for Biology II, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.

Frontiers in Neuroscience
|November 22, 2021
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Summary

Neurodevelopmental diseases disrupt brain development, impacting cognitive and social behaviors. Epigenetic mechanisms, responsive to environmental factors, play a crucial role in these disruptions.

Keywords:
DNA methylationchromatin remodelingcorticogenesisepigeneticshistone modificationneuropsychiatrynon-coding RNAs

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Neurodevelopmental diseases (NDDs) like autism, epilepsy, and schizophrenia involve disrupted brain development and manifest with diverse neurological and psychiatric symptoms.
  • Understanding the mechanisms of brain formation is crucial for identifying risk factors and processes contributing to NDDs.
  • Deficits in neuronal development, particularly in the cerebral cortex, are implicated in numerous NDDs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of mammalian corticogenesis.
  • To discuss the role of epigenetic mechanisms in NDDs.
  • To explore how epigenetic alterations contribute to the pathophysiology of NDDs.

Main Methods:

  • Review of essential steps in mammalian corticogenesis.
  • Discussion of epigenetic mechanisms including DNA methylation, histone modifications, chromatin remodeling, and non-coding RNAs.
  • Analysis of the link between disrupted epigenomic marks and NDD phenotypes.

Main Results:

  • Epigenetic mechanisms act as an interface between external stimuli and the genome during corticogenesis.
  • Alterations in epigenomic marks are associated with various NDD phenotypes.
  • Disrupted epigenetic regulation contributes to the pathophysiology of NDDs.

Conclusions:

  • Epigenetic mechanisms are critical regulators of neuronal development and function.
  • Dysregulation of these epigenetic processes during corticogenesis can lead to NDDs.
  • Further research into epigenetics offers potential therapeutic targets for NDDs.