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Related Concept Videos

Complement System01:27

Complement System

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The complement system is a group of approximately 20 plasma proteins that strengthen the body's defenses against infections through opsonization, inflammation, and cell lysis. Opsonization involves coating pathogens with complement proteins, making them more recognizable and facilitating phagocyte engulfment. Certain complement proteins induce inflammation that attracts immune cells to the site of infection. Cell lysis involves the destruction of pathogens through the formation of a...
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Antibody Actions01:26

Antibody Actions

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Antibodies, or immunoglobulins, are critical players in the immune system's arsenal against invading pathogens. Produced by B cells and plasma cells, their primary role is to detect and bind to specific antigens, molecules found on the surface of pathogens like bacteria or viruses. Beyond antigen recognition, antibodies perform several vital functions that contribute to immune defense.
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Inflammatory Response I: Vascular and Cellular01:30

Inflammatory Response I: Vascular and Cellular

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The inflammatory response is the body's defense against infection, injury, or irritation from bacteria, trauma, toxins, or heat. Inflammation helps locate and destroy pathogens and remove damaged tissue elements to heal the body. During this initial phase, fluid, blood products, and nutrients migrate to the injured area, resulting in redness, heat, swelling, ache, and loss of function. Moreover, signs of systemic inflammation include fever, increased WBC count, malaise, anorexia, nausea,...
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Antimicrobial Proteins01:23

Antimicrobial Proteins

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Antimicrobial proteins are important components of the immune system. They aid the body in combating pathogens by either killing them directly or hindering their replication processes. Four main types of antimicrobial substances are interferons, the complement system, iron-binding proteins, and antimicrobial proteins.
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Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

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An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
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Updated: Oct 12, 2025

Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibodies using High-Throughput Fluorescent Imaging of Pseudovirus Infection
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SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies Mediate Complement and Cellular Driven Inflammation.

Ida Jarlhelt1, Sif Kaas Nielsen1, Camilla Xenia Holtermann Jahn1

  • 1Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.

Frontiers in Immunology
|November 22, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

SARS-CoV-2 antibodies may worsen COVID-19 by activating complement pathways and inflammatory responses. This immune overactivation is linked to increased disease severity, suggesting a potential risk factor for severe COVID-19 outcomes.

Keywords:
SARS-CoV-2antibody responsecomplementmonocytesreceptor binding domainspike

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Virology
  • Pathophysiology

Background:

  • The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 remains a global health concern.
  • While protective antibodies are known, potential detrimental effects of SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses are unclear.
  • Understanding the full spectrum of antibody responses is crucial for managing COVID-19.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the IgG subclass distribution and complement activation in individuals convalescent from SARS-CoV-2 infection.
  • To explore the cellular inflammatory response mediated by SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies.
  • To determine if SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses contribute to COVID-19 severity.

Main Methods:

  • ELISAs were used to measure IgG subclasses and complement activation (C1q, C4b, C3bc, TCC) against the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD).
  • Freshly isolated monocytes and the THP-1 cell line were utilized to assess Fc-gamma receptor-mediated inflammatory responses.
  • Correlations between antibody levels, complement activation, and disease severity were analyzed.

Main Results:

  • IgG1 and IgG3 were the primary IgG subclasses against the SARS-CoV-2 RBD, driving classical complement pathway activation.
  • Complement deposition correlated with SARS-CoV-2 RBD specificity, IgG levels, and COVID-19 disease severity.
  • Monocyte activation via Fc-gamma receptors led to increased secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α.

Conclusions:

  • SARS-CoV-2 antibodies can trigger significant inflammatory responses via the classical complement pathway and cellular immune-complex activation.
  • These antibody-driven mechanisms may negatively impact COVID-19 disease progression.
  • Increased classical complement activation is strongly associated with COVID-19 severity, highlighting a potential risk for exacerbation.