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Mitogens and their receptors play a crucial role in controlling the progression of the cell cycle. However, the loss of mitogenic control over cell division leads to tumor formation. Therefore, mitogens and mitogen receptors play an important role in cancer research. For instance, the epidermal growth factor (EGF) - a type of mitogen and its transmembrane receptor (EGFR), decides the fate of the cell's proliferation. When EGF binds to EGFR, a member of the ErbB family of tyrosine kinase...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 12, 2025

Visualizing Angiogenesis by Multiphoton Microscopy In Vivo in Genetically Modified 3D-PLGA/nHAp Scaffold for Calvarial Critical Bone Defect Repair
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Visualizing Angiogenesis by Multiphoton Microscopy In Vivo in Genetically Modified 3D-PLGA/nHAp Scaffold for Calvarial Critical Bone Defect Repair

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Growth Factor Roles in Soft Tissue Physiology and Pathophysiology.

Jennifer H Roberts1, Jaroslava Halper2

  • 1Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|November 22, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Growth factors show promise for tendon repair, with transforming growth factor β (TGFß) and bone morphogenetic proteins being key areas of research. Further studies are needed for effective clinical application.

Keywords:
BioengineeringBone marrow- or peripheral blood-derived stem cellsBone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs)Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs)Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I)Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)Platelet-rich plasma (PRP)Tendon repairTendon-derived progenitor cellsTransforming growth factor β (TGFβ) familyVascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Orthopedics

Background:

  • Tendon repair historically presents challenges with unsatisfactory outcomes.
  • Growth factor research offers novel therapeutic avenues for tendon and arterial disorders.
  • Heritable disorders affecting soft tissues like aorta, valves, and tendons involve transforming growth factor β (TGFß).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the potential of various growth factors in enhancing tendon healing and repair.
  • To investigate the role of specific growth factors like TGFß, bone morphogenetic proteins, FGFs, IGF-I, and VEGF in soft tissue regeneration.
  • To evaluate emerging therapeutic modalities such as platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and mesenchymal stem cells for tendon injuries.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current research on growth factors and their biological effects on tendon and soft tissue healing.
  • Analysis of the roles of specific growth factors (TGFß, BMPs, FGFs, IGF-I, VEGF) in pathogenesis and repair.
  • Examination of experimental and clinical data on the application of PRP and mesenchymal stem cells in tendon healing.

Main Results:

  • Transforming growth factor β (TGFß) is implicated in heritable soft tissue disorders.
  • Bone morphogenetic proteins are being tested for bone and tendon fracture healing.
  • Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are crucial for embryonic tendon development, with potential for new treatments if angiogenicity is controlled.
  • Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) role in tendon repair requires clarification regarding growth hormone dependency.
  • Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and FGF2, alone or with IGF-I, stimulate periodontal ligament regeneration.
  • Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) may negatively impact tendon healing due to angiogenic activity and matrix metalloproteinase stimulation.
  • Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and mesenchymal stem cells show success in equine tendon healing but require more research for human application.

Conclusions:

  • Growth factors like TGFß, BMPs, and FGFs present significant potential for advancing tendon repair strategies.
  • Further research is essential to elucidate the precise mechanisms and optimize the application of growth factors and cell-based therapies (PRP, MSCs) for human tendon injuries.
  • Controlling the angiogenic effects of growth factors is critical for developing safe and effective treatments.