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    This study introduces a novel optical simulation method to analyze stray light caused by sensor reflectivity. The approach successfully reproduced observed red ghost images, improving optical system performance analysis.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optical Engineering
    • Computational Electromagnetics
    • Image Science

    Background:

    • Stray light in optical systems is parasitic light that degrades performance, causing issues like fogging and ghost images.
    • Sensor reflectivity is identified as a significant root cause of stray light in optical systems.
    • Existing methods may not fully capture the impact of sensor reflectivity on stray light.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop and present a new simulation methodology for analyzing stray light originating from sensor reflectivity.
    • To couple electromagnetic and ray-tracing simulations for comprehensive stray light analysis.
    • To validate the simulation methodology by reproducing observed optical phenomena.

    Main Methods:

    • Coupling electromagnetic (EM) simulation to compute the pixels' bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF).
    • Integrating EM simulation results into ray-tracing simulation for camera module stray light analysis.
    • Qualitative comparison of simulation results with laboratory observations.

    Main Results:

    • A novel simulation workflow was established by combining BRDF calculations with ray-tracing.
    • The simulation methodology qualitatively reproduced red ghost images seen in laboratory sensor tests.
    • The approach provides a method to analyze stray light contributions from sensor reflectivity.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed simulation methodology effectively analyzes stray light due to sensor reflectivity.
    • This approach can help diagnose and mitigate performance degradation caused by stray light in optical systems.
    • The findings contribute to improved optical system design and performance prediction.