Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Phase Contrast and Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy

Phase Contrast and Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy

Phase-Contrast Microscopes
In-phase-contrast microscopes, interference between light directly passing through a cell and light refracted by cellular components is used to create high-contrast, high-resolution images without staining. It is the oldest and simplest type of microscope that creates an image by altering the wavelengths of light rays passing through the specimen. Altered wavelength paths are created using an annular stop in the condenser. The annular stop produces a hollow cone of...

Imaging Biological Samples with Optical Microscopy

Imaging Biological Samples with Optical Microscopy

Optical microscopy uses optic principles to provide detailed images of samples. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek designed the first compound optical microscope in the 17th century to visualize blood cells, bacteria, and yeast cells. In 1830, Joseph Jackson Lister created an essentially modern light microscope. The 20th century saw the development of microscopes with enhanced magnification and resolution.
In optical microscopy, the specimen to be viewed is placed on a glass slide and clipped on the stage...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Foundry-Enabled Patterning of Diamond Quantum Microchiplets for Scalable Quantum Photonics.

Nano letters·2026

Same author

Thermal detection of single photons using Dirac fermions.

Nature communications·2026

Same author

Nanophotonic waveguide chip-to-world beam scanning.

Nature·2026

Same author

Heterogeneously integrated lithium tantalate-on-silicon nitride modulators for high-speed communications.

Nature communications·2026

Same author

Copper damascene process-based high-performance thin-film lithium tantalate modulators.

Nature communications·2026

Same author

Single-shot matrix-matrix photonic processor based on spatial-spectral hypermultiplexed parallel diffraction.

Nature communications·2026

Same journal

Denoising algorithm of Φ-OTDR systems based on adaptive fractional wavelet transform denoising.

Optics express·2026

Same journal

Millisecond photon-to-photon latency and high-speed volumetric projection system for optogenetics.

Optics express·2026

Same journal

Polarization-encoded coaxial structured light for high-precision 3D surface profilometry.

Optics express·2026

Same journal

Discrete freeform optical design based on collaborative optimization of point cloud and local normals.

Optics express·2026

Same journal

Ultrafast ghost imaging with 25 GHz speckle switching and wavelength-division multiplexing.

Optics express·2026

Same journal

Atomic vapor cells fabricated by femtosecond laser welding of standard-optical-quality glass.

Optics express·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 12, 2025

A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference

A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference

Published on: September 5, 2019

Universal linear optics by programmable multimode interference.

Hugo Larocque, Dirk Englund

|November 23, 2021

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

We developed a new method for universal electromagnetic transformations using a programmable multimode interferometer (ProMMI). This holographic approach optimizes slab area for high-fidelity optical modulation, even at large scales.

More Related Videos

Transmission of Multiple Signals through an Optical Fiber Using Wavefront Shaping

Transmission of Multiple Signals through an Optical Fiber Using Wavefront Shaping

Published on: March 20, 2017

The Generation of Higher-order Laguerre-Gauss Optical Beams for High-precision Interferometry

The Generation of Higher-order Laguerre-Gauss Optical Beams for High-precision Interferometry

Published on: August 12, 2013

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Oct 12, 2025

A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference

A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference

Published on: September 5, 2019

Transmission of Multiple Signals through an Optical Fiber Using Wavefront Shaping

Transmission of Multiple Signals through an Optical Fiber Using Wavefront Shaping

Published on: March 20, 2017

The Generation of Higher-order Laguerre-Gauss Optical Beams for High-precision Interferometry

The Generation of Higher-order Laguerre-Gauss Optical Beams for High-precision Interferometry

Published on: August 12, 2013

Area of Science:

Photonics and Metamaterials
Electromagnetics
Optical Engineering

Background:

Universal linear electromagnetic transformations are crucial for advanced optical systems.
Existing methods face challenges with scalability, optical losses, and fabrication complexity.
Dielectric slabs offer potential for integrated optical modulation but require efficient control mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce a constructive algorithm for universal linear electromagnetic transformations in dielectric slabs.
To develop a compact and efficient optical modulation scheme.
To enable high-fidelity unitary transformations for large numbers of optical modes.

Main Methods:

Utilizing out-of-plane phase modulation programmed to N^2 degrees of freedom.
Implementing a holographic approach within a dielectric slab.
Developing error correction schemes for large N unitary transformations.

Main Results:

Achieved optimal use of slab area for optical modulation.
Demonstrated a programmable multimode interferometer (ProMMI) with DoF-limited compactness.
Eliminated dominant sidewall-related optical losses and patterning challenges.

Conclusions:

The ProMMI scheme offers a scalable and efficient solution for universal linear electromagnetic transformations.
Holographic programming in dielectric slabs overcomes limitations of traditional optical components.
The approach promises high-fidelity, compact, and error-tolerant optical modulation for complex photonic systems.