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Related Concept Videos

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Sometimes we want to see how people change over time, as in studies of human development and lifespan. When we test the same group of individuals repeatedly over an extended period of time, we are conducting longitudinal research. Longitudinal research is a research design in which data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time. For example, we may survey a group of individuals about their dietary habits at age 20, retest them a decade later at age 30, and then again...
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Incentive theory, or the "pull theory" of motivation, suggests that external rewards primarily drive behavior. Individuals are motivated to engage in activities when they anticipate a desirable outcome. This is why people often work hard for promotions or study intensively to achieve high grades. These incentives can be tangible, physical rewards such as money or promotions, or intangible, non-physical rewards like praise and social recognition.
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Regression toward the mean (“RTM”) is a phenomenon in which extremely high or low values—for example, and individual’s blood pressure at a particular moment—appear closer to a group’s average upon remeasuring. Although this statistical peculiarity is the result of random error and chance, it has been problematic across various medical, scientific, financial and psychological applications. In particular, RTM, if not taken into account, can interfere when...
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The meaning of illness is individualized to each person who experiences an alteration in health. In contrast, disease is a medical term indicating a pathological change in the structure and function of the body or mind. It is a condition that has specific symptoms and boundaries.
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Motivational Bias01:25

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Cognitive bias results from limitations in thinking and information processing, leading to systematic errors in judgment. Conversely, motivational bias stems from personal desires or emotions, causing distortions in perception to align with self-interest. Motivational bias influences how individuals perceive and attribute causes to events, often shaped by personal needs, goals, and self-esteem preservation. This bias can distort judgment, leading to inaccurate assessments of success, failure,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 12, 2025

Working Memory Training for Older Participants: A Control Group Training Regimen and Initial Intellectual Functioning Assessment
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Does motivation predict return to work? A longitudinal analysis.

Charlotte Vanovenberghe1,2,3, Marc Du Bois1, Emelien Lauwerier2,4

  • 1Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.

Journal of Occupational Health
|November 23, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Controlled motivation speeds return to work (RTW), while basic psychological need frustration prolongs work disability. Understanding these factors is key for managing long-term work absence.

Keywords:
motivationreturn to workself-determination theorywork disability

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Area of Science:

  • Occupational Health Psychology
  • Work and Organizational Psychology
  • Rehabilitation Science

Background:

  • Return to work (RTW) is crucial for mitigating long-term work disability.
  • Self-Determination Theory (SDT) posits that basic psychological needs and motivation influence well-being and performance.
  • The predictive value of SDT constructs for RTW outcomes remains underexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if motivation and basic psychological needs predict RTW outcomes at a 1-year follow-up.
  • To examine the relationship between controlled motivation, autonomous motivation, amotivation, and RTW.
  • To assess the impact of basic psychological need satisfaction and frustration on RTW.

Main Methods:

  • An observational longitudinal study involving 349 individuals with work disability (average 131.32 days off work).
  • Baseline assessment of motivation (MAWS) and basic psychological need satisfaction and frustration (BPNSFS).
  • 12-month follow-up evaluating time to RTW, partial RTW, relapse, and prolonged work disability using regression analyses.

Main Results:

  • Controlled motivation was associated with a shorter time to RTW.
  • Frustration of basic psychological needs predicted longer work disability.
  • Autonomous motivation, amotivation, and need satisfaction were not significant predictors of RTW variables. No predictors for relapse or partial RTW were identified.

Conclusions:

  • Basic psychological need frustration is a predictor of extended work disability.
  • Controlled motivation unexpectedly predicted faster RTW, suggesting complex underlying mechanisms.
  • SDT constructs demonstrate predictive utility for RTW, though further research into mechanisms is warranted.