A visualized ratiometric fluorescence sensing system for copper ions based on gold nanoclusters/perovskite quantum...

Excessive copper ions (Cu²⁺) cause serious environmental pollution and even endanger the health of organisms. Fluorescence chemosensing materials are widely used in the detection of metal ions due to their simple operation and high sensitivity. In this study, SiO₂-encapsulated single perovskite quantum dot (PQD@SiO₂) core-shell nanostructures which show strong, stable, and green fluorescence are synthesized and composited with gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) which show Cu²⁺-sensitive and red light-emitting fluorescence to obtain a visualized ratiometric fluorescence sensor (AuNCs/PQD@SiO₂) for the detection of Cu²⁺. In the visualized detection of Cu²⁺, the green fluorescence emitted from the ion-insensitive PQD@SiO₂ component is used as a reference signal and the red fluorescence emitted by ion-sensitive AuNC component is adopted as a sensing signal. In the presence of Cu²⁺, the red fluorescence is quenched whereas the green fluorescence remains stable, which results in a visualized fluorescence color change from orange-red to yellow and finally to green with increasing Cu²⁺ concentration. The significant change in the fluorescence color of AuNCs/PQD@SiO₂ in response to Cu²⁺ enables a rapid, sensitive, and visualized detection of Cu²⁺. Further accurate and sensitive ratiometric fluorescence analysis of Cu²⁺ can be accomplished by measuring the ratio of fluorescence intensities at 643 and 520 nm (I₆₄₃/I₅₂₀) at a certain Cu²⁺ level. The developed AuNCs/PQD@SiO₂-based sensor has been validated by its satisfactory application in the detection of Cu²⁺ in human serum and environmental water samples.