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Gender Differences in Cardiac Chronotropic Control: Implications for Heart Rate Variability Research.

DeWayne P Williams1, Nicholas Joseph2, Gina M Gerardo2

  • 1Department of Psychological Science, University of California, 4201 Social and Behavioral Sciences Gateway, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA. dewaynpw@uci.edu.

Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback
|November 24, 2021
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Summary

Gender significantly impacts heart rate variability (HRV) associations with heart period. Adjusting HRV for heart period is problematic, as findings differ between men and women.

Keywords:
Gender differencesHeart periodHeart rateHeart rate variabilitySex differences

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Physiology
  • Autonomic Nervous System Research
  • Sex Differences in Health

Background:

  • Ongoing debate exists regarding adjustments to heart rate variability (HRV) for heart period (inter-beat-intervals, IBI).
  • Previous research indicates women have higher HRV than men, despite shorter IBI and higher heart rate (HR).
  • The moderating effect of gender on the HRV-heart period association has not been thoroughly investigated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the potential moderating effect of gender on the association between HRV and cardiac chronotropy indices (HR and IBI).
  • To evaluate the validity of routine HRV adjustments for heart period in light of gender differences.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of cardiac measures from 633 participants (339 women) during a 5-minute resting period.
  • Assessment of HRV using standard deviation of IBI, root mean square of successive differences, and autoregressive high-frequency power.
  • Moderation analyses to determine gender's effect on the HRV-HR/IBI relationship.

Main Results:

  • Gender significantly moderated the association between all tested HRV variables and both HR and IBI (p < 0.05).
  • Inconsistencies were observed when using HRV variables adjusted for IBI.
  • Findings suggest a differential association between HRV and heart period based on gender.

Conclusions:

  • Routine adjustments of HRV for heart period are potentially unjustified and problematic.
  • Gender is a crucial demographic variable that must be considered in HRV research.
  • Future HRV studies should account for the impact of gender on the HRV-heart period relationship.