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Type I Respiratory Failure, or hypoxemic respiratory failure, occurs when the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) in arterial blood falls below 60 mmHg while breathing room air without a corresponding increase in arterial carbon dioxide levels (PaCO2). This condition highlights a significant impairment in the lungs' capacity to oxygenate the blood.
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A single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP is a single nucleotide variation at a specific genomic position in a large population. It is the most prevalent type of sequence variation found in the human genome. Point mutations that occur in more than 1% of the population qualify as SNPs. These are present once every 1000 nucleotides on an average in the human genome. Replacement of a purine with another purine (A/G) or a pyrimidine with another pyrimidine (C/T) is known as a transition. In contrast,...
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Pneumonia is an acute respiratory infection that targets the lungs, specifically the alveoli. These tiny air sacs, essential for oxygen exchange, become engorged with pus and fluid, severely hindering breathing, decreasing oxygen absorption, and causing significant pain and discomfort during respiration.
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Hypercapnic respiratory failure, also known as Type 2 or ventilatory respiratory failure, is a severe condition characterized by the body's inability to effectively remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from the bloodstream. It leads to an arterial CO2 pressure (PaCO2) exceeding 45 mmHg and a blood pH above 7.35. This situation indicates that the body's ventilatory demand, or the ventilation needed to maintain normal PaCO2 levels, surpasses its supply or the maximum gas flow achievable without...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 12, 2025

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Pediatric Inflammatory Multisystem Syndrome Temporally Associated with SARS-CoV-2.

S Elilarasi1, V Poovazhagi2, G Kumaravel1

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Child Health and Hospital for Children, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600008, India.

Indian Journal of Pediatrics
|November 24, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Pediatric Inflammatory Multisystem Syndrome (PIMS-TS) in children presents with fever, red eyes, rash, and gastrointestinal issues. Early evaluation for PIMS-TS is crucial for prompt management and improved outcomes.

Keywords:
COVID-19Kawasaki syndromeMIS-CMacrophage activation syndromePIMS-TS

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric critical care
  • Infectious diseases
  • Rheumatology

Background:

  • Pediatric Inflammatory Multisystem Syndrome (PIMS-TS) is a rare but serious condition linked to SARS-CoV-2.
  • Understanding PIMS-TS clinical features and outcomes is vital for early diagnosis and treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the clinical presentation and outcomes of children diagnosed with PIMS-TS.
  • To analyze treatment strategies and mortality rates in a pediatric tertiary care setting.

Main Methods:

  • A retrospective study of 65 children with PIMS-TS treated between July and October 2020.
  • Clinical and biochemical data were collected, including COVID-19 RT-PCR and antibody tests.

Main Results:

  • Common symptoms included fever, red eyes, rash, vomiting, abdominal pain, and shock.
  • 60% had Kawasaki disease features; 67% showed coronary dilatation, and 58% had coronary aneurysms.
  • Significant complications included shock (41%), left ventricular dysfunction (25%), and multiorgan dysfunction syndrome (MODS) (6% mortality).

Conclusions:

  • PIMS-TS should be considered in children with acute febrile illness and mucocutaneous/gastrointestinal symptoms.
  • Evaluation with inflammatory markers and SARS-CoV-2 antibodies is recommended for suspected PIMS-TS cases.