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Accelerating concrete curing is achieved by applying heat and additional moisture. This process accelerates the hydration of the cement, resulting in an earlier strength gain in the concrete. Steam curing is a method wherein the concrete products are either transported through a chamber on a conveyor belt or encased in plastic, allowing steam at atmospheric pressure to circulate freely around them. This process begins with a phase of moist curing that typically lasts between 3 to 5 hours, after...
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The bond between aggregate particles and the cement matrix is significantly influenced by the shape and surface texture of the aggregates. High-strength concretes benefit from a rougher texture, which leads to stronger bonding due to greater adhesion. Angular aggregates with larger surface areas also enhance this bond. The bonding quality, however, is complex to assess as no universally accepted test exists. Good bonding is indicated when a crushed concrete specimen shows some aggregate...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 12, 2025

Application of Light-cured Dental Adhesive Resin for Mounting Electrodes or Microdialysis Probes in Chronic Experiments
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Mini-iFT Confirms Superior Adhesive Luting Performance using Light-curing Restorative Composites.

Chloe M F Hardy, Violette Landreau, Margaux Valassis

    The Journal of Adhesive Dentistry
    |November 24, 2021
    PubMed
    Summary

    Pre-heating conventional light-cure resin-based composite (RBC) for luting thick indirect restorations enhances mini-interfacial fracture toughness (mini-iFT). Lower filler content in the interface resin bonding agent also improved results, suggesting a viable alternative to dual-cure luting agents.

    Keywords:
    adhesioncomposite resincomputer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM)dental cementdual cureinterfacial fracture toughnesslight cureresin-based luting composite.

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    Area of Science:

    • Dental Materials Science
    • Biomaterials Engineering
    • Adhesive Dentistry

    Background:

    • Thick indirect restorations present luting challenges due to light penetration limitations.
    • Conventional light-cure resin-based composites (RBCs) are often used, but their efficacy with thicker materials requires validation.
    • Dual-cure luting agents are typically recommended for thicker indirect restorations.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To evaluate the mini-interfacial fracture toughness (mini-iFT) of thick indirect restorations luted with conventional light-cure RBC.
    • To compare the performance of pre-heated light-cure RBC versus dual-cure RBC for luting.
    • To assess the influence of interface resin bonding agent (IDS) filler load on luting efficacy.

    Main Methods:

    • Extracted third molars were bonded with experimental IDS (50 wt% or 75 wt% filler load).
    • Two- or 6-mm thick CAD/CAM composite blocks were luted using pre-heated light-cure or dual-cure RBC.
    • Mini-interfacial fracture toughness (mini-iFT) was measured using a 4-point bending test on notched samples.

    Main Results:

    • Mini-iFT was significantly influenced by the luting RBC type (p < 0.0001) and IDS filler load (p = 0.0011).
    • Higher mini-iFT was observed with 50 wt% filler-loaded IDS and when using the light-cure RBC.
    • Restoration thickness (2-mm or 6-mm) did not significantly affect mini-iFT (p = 0.39).

    Conclusions:

    • Pre-heated conventional light-cure RBC can be safely used for luting 2- and 6-mm thick indirect restorations under controlled light conditions.
    • This light-cure strategy demonstrated superior mini-iFT compared to dual-cure luting agents.
    • Lower filler content in the IDS material is favorable for enhanced interfacial bonding.