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Related Concept Videos

Cranial Bones: Lateral View01:27

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

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The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
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The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
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The human skull is composed of several bones that come together to protect the brain and support the structures of the face. The junctions where these bones meet are called sutures.
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Overview of the Skull01:08

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The cranium (skull) is the skeletal structure of the head that supports the face and protects the brain. It is subdivided into the facial bones and the brain case, or cranial vault. The facial bones underlie the facial structures, form the nasal cavity, enclose the eyeballs, and support the teeth of the upper and lower jaws.
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Treatment for a fracture is based on the type of break, the bone affected, and the patient's age.
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Epistaxis

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Epistaxis, or nosebleeds, occurs when small, swollen blood vessels in the nasal mucous membrane rupture. Typically, the anterior septum is the primary site of occurrence.
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Updated: Oct 12, 2025

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Orbital Fractures
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Frontal Sinus Fractures.

Dale J Podolsky1, Kris S Moe2

  • 1Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.

Seminars in Plastic Surgery
|November 25, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Frontal sinus fracture management is evolving. Many injuries can be treated nonoperatively with endoscopic techniques, reserving surgery for severe cases to preserve sinus function and prevent complications.

Keywords:
cerebrospinal fluidendoscopicfrontal sinus fracturesnavigationtransorbital

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Area of Science:

  • Neurosurgery
  • Otolaryngology
  • Facial Plastic Surgery

Background:

  • Management of frontal sinus fractures lacks a universal protocol.
  • Goals include aesthetic correction, sinus function preservation, and complication avoidance.
  • Nonoperative management is increasingly viable for many frontal sinus injuries.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline a minimally disruptive protocol for frontal sinus fracture management.
  • To emphasize the role of endoscopic techniques in reducing surgical morbidity.
  • To guide treatment decisions based on fracture severity and nasofrontal outflow tract (NFOT) status.

Main Methods:

  • Nonoperative management with serial clinical and radiographic assessment for sinus aeration.
  • Endoscopic approaches utilized for surgical intervention when necessary.
  • Surgical intervention reserved for severely displaced/comminuted posterior table fractures and unsalvageable NFOTs.

Main Results:

  • A minimally disruptive protocol allows nonoperative management for the majority of frontal sinus fractures.
  • Endoscopic techniques offer reduced morbidity compared to open procedures.
  • Selective surgical intervention addresses complex fractures and NFOT disruptions.

Conclusions:

  • A minimally disruptive, predominantly nonoperative approach is effective for frontal sinus fractures.
  • Endoscopic management is preferred for surgical cases, minimizing complications.
  • This protocol optimizes outcomes by preserving sinus function and addressing aesthetic concerns.