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Related Concept Videos

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

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Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
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Stages of General Anesthesia01:22

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Various sedation levels offer significant advantages in facilitating procedural interventions for patients undergoing medical or invasive surgical procedures. These levels span from anxiolysis to general anesthesia, providing a spectrum of sedative effects to cater to specific patient needs. Anxiolysis reduces anxiety and is achieved through minimal sedation, enabling patients to remain awake and responsive while feeling more at ease during the procedure. This level can benefit minor...
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Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Barbiturates01:20

Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Barbiturates

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Sedatives and hypnotics encompass a drug class that acts on the central nervous system (CNS) to alleviate anxiety, promote relaxation and induce sleep.These drugs function by amplifying the actions of the neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), resulting in reduced neuronal activity. Barbiturates, a subset of sedatives and hypnotics first synthesized in the late 1800s, are categorized into ultra-short, short, intermediate, and long-acting groups based on their duration of effect. A...
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General Anesthesia: Overview01:24

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Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...
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Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Miscellaneous Agents01:17

Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Miscellaneous Agents

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Sedatives and hypnotics encompass a wide range of substances, each with its unique mechanism of action, uses, and potential adverse effects.
Melatonin congeners like ramelteon (Rozerem) and tasimelteon (Hetlioz) selectively bind to melatonin receptors (MT1 and MT2) and thus mimic the actions of melatonin, a hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles. Tasimelteon is primarily used for non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder, common in blind patients. They are also used to treat conditions like insomnia...
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Sedatives and Hypnotics: Overview01:23

Sedatives and Hypnotics: Overview

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Sedatives are drugs that alleviate anxiety, while hypnotics induce sleep. Both classes of medication suppress neuronal activity, leading to a calming effect for sedatives and facilitating sleep for hypnotics.
Sedative-hypnotics are categorized into barbiturates, benzodiazepines (BZDs), and non-benzodiazepines or Z-drugs. These drugs work by suppressing central nervous system activity, and this suppression is dose-dependent. Older sedative medications, like barbiturates, follow a linear curve in...
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Psittacine Sedation and Anesthesia.

Mikel Sabater González1, Chiara Adami2

  • 1Uplands Way Vets Ltd, Low Road, Diss, Norfolk IP222AA, UK; Cambridge Veterinary Group, 89A Cherry Hinton Road, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB17BS, UK.

The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Exotic Animal Practice
|November 26, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Managing sedation and anesthesia in psittacine species requires understanding their unique physiology and pharmacology. Tailored anesthetic plans, vigilant monitoring, and owner communication are crucial for successful outcomes.

Keywords:
Avian anesthesiaAvian anesthetic monitoringAvian sedationPsittaciformes

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Anesthesiology
  • Avian Medicine
  • Comparative Physiology

Background:

  • Psittacine species present unique challenges for sedation and anesthesia due to their specialized anatomy and physiology.
  • Effective anesthetic management necessitates a thorough understanding of current pharmacological advancements and monitoring techniques.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline key principles for successful sedation and anesthesia in psittacine birds.
  • To emphasize the importance of patient-specific anesthetic planning and comprehensive perioperative care.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on psittacine anesthesia and pharmacology.
  • Integration of patient-specific factors (e.g., pre-existing conditions, age, species, risk assessment) into anesthetic protocols.
  • Emphasis on multimodal approaches including advanced monitoring, analgesia, and stress reduction.

Main Results:

  • Successful anesthetic management is contingent upon detailed knowledge of avian physiology and anesthetic pharmacology.
  • Patient-specific anesthetic plans improve safety and efficacy.
  • Comprehensive perioperative care, including recovery monitoring and multimodal analgesia, enhances outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • A tailored, patient-specific approach to sedation and anesthesia, combined with vigilant monitoring and owner communication, is essential for psittacine species.
  • Anticipating complications and extending monitoring into the recovery phase are critical for improving patient safety and client satisfaction.