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Updated: Oct 12, 2025

Use of an Integrated Low-Flow Anesthetic Vaporizer, Ventilator, and Physiological Monitoring System for Rodents
Published on: July 9, 2020
Local and Regional Anesthesia in Zoological Companion Animal Practice
Peter M DiGeronimo1, Anderson F da Cunha2
1Adventure Aquarium, 1 Riverside Drive, Camden, NJ 08103, USA; Animal & Bird Health Care Center, 1785 Springdale Road, Cherry Hill, NJ 08003, USA.
Abstract:
Local anesthetics provide analgesia and can be incorporated into multimodal anesthetic protocols. They work by blocking the voltage-dependent sodium ion channels along neurons that mediate nociception. Systemically, these drugs can be cardiotoxic in a dose-dependent manner. Lidocaine and bupivacaine are the most commonly used local anesthetics and their use has been reported in all classes of vertebrates. Despite anecdotal reports to the contrary, zoologic companion animals are unlikely to be more susceptible to the cardiotoxic effects of local anesthetics than domestic small animals. Local anesthetics can be clinically useful for analgesia and anesthesia in zoologic companion animal practice.
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