Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Stages of General Anesthesia01:22

Stages of General Anesthesia

916
Various sedation levels offer significant advantages in facilitating procedural interventions for patients undergoing medical or invasive surgical procedures. These levels span from anxiolysis to general anesthesia, providing a spectrum of sedative effects to cater to specific patient needs. Anxiolysis reduces anxiety and is achieved through minimal sedation, enabling patients to remain awake and responsive while feeling more at ease during the procedure. This level can benefit minor...
916
Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

326
Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
326
Sedatives and Hypnotics: Overview01:23

Sedatives and Hypnotics: Overview

781
Sedatives are drugs that alleviate anxiety, while hypnotics induce sleep. Both classes of medication suppress neuronal activity, leading to a calming effect for sedatives and facilitating sleep for hypnotics.
Sedative-hypnotics are categorized into barbiturates, benzodiazepines (BZDs), and non-benzodiazepines or Z-drugs. These drugs work by suppressing central nervous system activity, and this suppression is dose-dependent. Older sedative medications, like barbiturates, follow a linear curve in...
781
General Anesthesia: Overview01:24

General Anesthesia: Overview

322
Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...
322
Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Miscellaneous Agents01:17

Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Miscellaneous Agents

275
Sedatives and hypnotics encompass a wide range of substances, each with its unique mechanism of action, uses, and potential adverse effects.
Melatonin congeners like ramelteon (Rozerem) and tasimelteon (Hetlioz) selectively bind to melatonin receptors (MT1 and MT2) and thus mimic the actions of melatonin, a hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles. Tasimelteon is primarily used for non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder, common in blind patients. They are also used to treat conditions like insomnia...
275
Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Barbiturates01:20

Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Barbiturates

576
Sedatives and hypnotics encompass a drug class that acts on the central nervous system (CNS) to alleviate anxiety, promote relaxation and induce sleep.These drugs function by amplifying the actions of the neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), resulting in reduced neuronal activity. Barbiturates, a subset of sedatives and hypnotics first synthesized in the late 1800s, are categorized into ultra-short, short, intermediate, and long-acting groups based on their duration of effect. A...
576

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Māori Experiences of Eating Disorders: A Scoping Review of How Little We Know.

European eating disorders review : the journal of the Eating Disorders Association·2026
Same author

Pervasive neurovascular dysfunction in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex of female depressed suicides with a history of childhood abuse.

Molecular psychiatry·2025
Same author

Publisher Correction: Genome-wide association meta-analysis of childhood ADHD symptoms and diagnosis identifies new loci and potential effector genes.

Nature genetics·2025
Same author

Genome-wide association meta-analysis of childhood ADHD symptoms and diagnosis identifies new loci and potential effector genes.

Nature genetics·2025
Same author

Nanopore sequencing-based genotyping suggested an association between CYP2D6 function and susceptibility to anxiety and depression.

BMC research notes·2025
Same author

Universal method for the isolation of microvessels from frozen brain tissue: A proof-of-concept multiomic investigation of the neurovasculature.

Brain, behavior, & immunity - health·2023
Same journal

Reproductive Surgery in Rabbits, Rodents, and Ferrets.

The veterinary clinics of North America. Exotic animal practice·2026
Same journal

Ocular Surgery in Small Mammals.

The veterinary clinics of North America. Exotic animal practice·2026
Same journal

Urinary Surgery in Small Mammals.

The veterinary clinics of North America. Exotic animal practice·2026
Same journal

Thoracic Surgery in Small Mammals.

The veterinary clinics of North America. Exotic animal practice·2026
Same journal

Ocular Surgery in Non-mammalian Species.

The veterinary clinics of North America. Exotic animal practice·2026
Same journal

Intestinal Surgery in Rabbits.

The veterinary clinics of North America. Exotic animal practice·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 12, 2025

Assessing Changes in Volatile General Anesthetic Sensitivity of Mice after Local or Systemic Pharmacological Intervention
08:49

Assessing Changes in Volatile General Anesthetic Sensitivity of Mice after Local or Systemic Pharmacological Intervention

Published on: October 16, 2013

14.0K

Snake Sedation and Anesthesia.

Daniel Almeida1, Martin Kennedy1, Erin Wend-Hornickle1

  • 1Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1352 Boyd Avenue, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA.

The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Exotic Animal Practice
|November 26, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Anesthetizing snakes presents unique challenges due to their physiology and size variations. Effective anesthesia requires careful consideration of anesthetic agents and pain management strategies for safe procedures.

Keywords:
AnalgesiaAnesthesiaReptileSedationSnakeZoo animalZoologic companion animal

More Related Videos

Author Spotlight: A Non-Intubated Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery with Multimodal Analgesia and Sevoflurane Inhalation Anesthesia
05:39

Author Spotlight: A Non-Intubated Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery with Multimodal Analgesia and Sevoflurane Inhalation Anesthesia

Published on: May 26, 2023

1.8K
In vivo Calcium Imaging in Mouse Inferior Olive
08:58

In vivo Calcium Imaging in Mouse Inferior Olive

Published on: June 10, 2021

5.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Oct 12, 2025

Assessing Changes in Volatile General Anesthetic Sensitivity of Mice after Local or Systemic Pharmacological Intervention
08:49

Assessing Changes in Volatile General Anesthetic Sensitivity of Mice after Local or Systemic Pharmacological Intervention

Published on: October 16, 2013

14.0K
Author Spotlight: A Non-Intubated Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery with Multimodal Analgesia and Sevoflurane Inhalation Anesthesia
05:39

Author Spotlight: A Non-Intubated Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery with Multimodal Analgesia and Sevoflurane Inhalation Anesthesia

Published on: May 26, 2023

1.8K
In vivo Calcium Imaging in Mouse Inferior Olive
08:58

In vivo Calcium Imaging in Mouse Inferior Olive

Published on: June 10, 2021

5.8K

Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Anesthesiology
  • Herpetological Medicine

Background:

  • Anesthesia in snakes is complex due to anatomical and physiological differences compared to mammals.
  • Variability in patient size and responses to anesthetic drugs further complicates snake anesthesia.
  • Physiological factors like preferred optimal temperature zones and blood flow shunting impact anesthetic outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the challenges and considerations for anesthetizing snakes.
  • To outline available anesthetic agents and techniques for snake anesthesia.
  • To emphasize the importance of pain management in anesthetic protocols for snakes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on snake anesthesia.
  • Discussion of injectable anesthetic agents (benzodiazepines, α2-agonists, opioids, propofol, alfaxalone).
  • Consideration of inhalant anesthetics and their application in snakes.

Main Results:

  • Snakes require tailored anesthetic approaches due to species-specific physiology.
  • A range of injectable and inhalant anesthetics are available for snake immobilization.
  • Successful anesthesia necessitates accounting for thermoregulatory behavior and cardiovascular adaptations.

Conclusions:

  • Anesthetic protocols for snakes must address their unique physiological characteristics.
  • Judicious selection of anesthetic agents and careful patient monitoring are crucial.
  • Integrating effective pain management is essential for procedures involving potential nociception in snakes.