Related Experiment Video
Updated: Oct 12, 2025

Resolving Water, Proteins, and Lipids from In Vivo Confocal Raman Spectra of Stratum Corneum through a Chemometric Approach
Published on: September 26, 2019
A Pilot Study: Composition and Diversity of 16S rRNA Based Skin Bacterial Microbiome in Indonesian Atopic Dermatitis
Oki Suwarsa1, Maryam Nissa Hazari1, Hartati Purbo Dharmadji1
1Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran - Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia.
Background:
Atopic dermatitis (AD) interferes with quality of life and is influenced by important factors like skin microbiome. The results of the skin microbiome composition and diversity in AD varied in some studies.
Purpose:
This study aims to determine the composition and diversity of the skin microbiome in Indonesian AD patients.
Patients And Methods:
Genomic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) preparations were obtained from skin swabs of the cubital fossa of 16 subjects, nine of which were having mild AD, three moderate AD, and four healthy individuals. DNA extraction and sequencing of the 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) gene using next-generation sequencing and bioinformatics analysis were further performed.
Results:
Firmicutes (p), Bacilli (c), Bacillales (o), Staphylococcaceae (f), and Staphylococcus (g) were dominant in moderate AD. On the contrary, Proteobacteria (p), Gammaproteobacteria (c), Pseudomonadales (o), Moraxellaceae (f), and Acinetobacter (g) were dominant in mild AD. Staphylococcus aureus was found in the highest number in individuals with moderate AD. Interestingly, Ensifer adhaerens was found in mild AD. Microbial diversity was decreased in moderate AD.
Conclusion:
Metagenomic analysis in this study identified microbes in moderate and mild AD and showed a low diversity of skin microbiomes in moderate AD. Interestingly, this is the first time that the bacteria Ensifer adhaerens was detected on the human skin.
Related Concept Videos
Skin Diseases and Disorders
Gram-positive Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. are responsible for many of the most common skin infections. However, many...
Bacterial Flora of the Large Intestine
The normal gut flora of the colon plays a critical role in generating essential vitamins such as vitamins K, B5, and B7.
Reticular Dermis
Reticular Layer
Underlying the papillary layer is the much thicker reticular layer, composed of dense, irregular connective...
Bacterial Phylum Actinobacteria

