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Related Concept Videos

ATP Driven Pumps I: An Overview01:27

ATP Driven Pumps I: An Overview

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ATP-driven pumps, also known as transport ATPases, are integral membrane proteins. They have binding sites for ATP located on the membrane's cytosolic side and the ion-conducting domain in the transmembrane region. These pumps use the free energy released from ATP hydrolysis to move the solutes across cell membranes against an electrochemical gradient.
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ATP Energy Storage and Release01:31

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ATP is a highly unstable molecule. Unless quickly used to perform work, ATP spontaneously dissociates into ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi), and the free energy released during this process is lost as heat. The energy released by ATP hydrolysis is used to perform work inside the cell and depends on a strategy called energy coupling. Cells couple the exergonic reaction of ATP hydrolysis with endergonic reactions, allowing them to proceed.
One example of energy coupling using ATP involves a...
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ATP Synthase: Structure01:18

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ATP synthase or ATPase is among the most conserved proteins found in bacteria, mammals, and plants. This enzyme can catalyze a forward reaction in response to the electrochemical gradient, producing ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate. ATP synthase can also work in a reverse direction by hydrolyzing ATP and generating an electrochemical gradient. Different forms of ATP synthases have evolved special features to meet the specific demands of the cell. Based on their specific feature, ATP...
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ATP and Energy Production01:23

ATP and Energy Production

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Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a critical molecule that functions as the main energy carrier in cells. Structurally, ATP consists of an adenosine molecule—comprising adenine and ribose—bonded to three phosphate groups. The high-energy bonds between these phosphate groups store significant amounts of potential energy. This energy is released during hydrolysis, wherein ATP is converted to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or adenosine monophosphate (AMP), driving a variety of essential...
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ATP Synthase: Mechanism01:48

ATP Synthase: Mechanism

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In animals, the mitochondrial F1F0 ATP synthase is the key protein that synthesizes ATP molecules through a complex catalytic mechanism. While the nuclear genome encodes the majority of ATP synthase subunits, the mitochondrial genome encodes some of the enzyme's most critical components. The formation of this multi-subunit enzyme is a complex multi-step process regulated at the level of transcription, translation, and assembly. Defects in one or more of these steps can result in decreased...
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Cellular Respiration01:18

Cellular Respiration

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Cellular respiration is a crucial metabolic process through which cells obtain energy from organic substances, mainly glucose, to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP). This process includes the oxidation of substrates and the transfer of electrons to a separate electron acceptor, facilitating ATP synthesis through a sequence of biochemical reactions.Glycolysis: The Initial StepGlycolysis is the first stage of cellular respiration, occurring in the cytoplasm of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic...
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Updated: Oct 12, 2025

Imaging of Intracellular ATP in Organotypic Tissue Slices of the Mouse Brain using the FRET-based Sensor ATeam1.03YEMK
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Intracellular ATP Concentration and Implication for Cellular Evolution.

Jack V Greiner1,2,3, Thomas Glonek3

  • 1The Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA 02114, USA.

Biology
|November 27, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

High intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels are found in diverse life forms, suggesting an ancient, non-metabolic role beyond energy currency. This conserved function may involve preventing protein aggregation.

Keywords:
ATPadenosine triphosphatehydrotropic functioninterspeciesprotein aggregation

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cell Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Crystalline lens and striated muscle represent opposite metabolic extremes.
  • Both tissues maintain high intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentrations (>2.3 mM), exceeding metabolic demands.
  • This suggests a potential non-metabolic function for ATP.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate intracellular ATP concentrations across diverse cells, tissues, species, and domains.
  • To provide context for the high ATP levels observed in lens and striated muscle.
  • To explore the ancient and conserved roles of ATP.

Main Methods:

  • Database compilation of intracellular ATP concentrations.
  • Cross-species and cross-domain analysis of ATP levels.
  • Comparative analysis of ATP levels in metabolically diverse tissues.

Main Results:

  • High intracellular ATP concentrations are ubiquitous across diverse life forms, including ancient species.
  • ATP levels in lens and striated muscle far exceed their metabolic requirements.
  • Evidence suggests ATP's ancient role is independent of its function as metabolic currency.

Conclusions:

  • The primordial function of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) was likely non-metabolic.
  • ATP may have served an ancient role in preventing protein aggregation.
  • Conserved high ATP levels across life suggest a fundamental, ancient cellular role.