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Related Concept Videos

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:06

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
Somatic...
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Forced Transdifferentiation01:28

Forced Transdifferentiation

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Transdifferentiation, also known as lineage reprogramming, was first discovered by Selman and Kafatos in 1974 in silkmoths. They observed that the moths’ cuticle-producing cells transformed into salt-producing cells. Many such cases of natural transdifferentiation occur in organisms. In humans, pancreatic alpha cells can become beta cells. In newts, the loss of the eye’s lens causes the pigmented epithelial cells to transdifferentiate into the lens cells.
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Author Spotlight: Reprogramming Cancer Cells to iPSCs to Study Disease Progression and Treatment Targets
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Somatic Reprogramming-Above and Beyond Pluripotency.

Yaa-Jyuhn James Meir1,2,3, Guigang Li4

  • 1Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.

Cells
|November 27, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) offer revolutionary potential in regenerative medicine and disease modeling. This review revisits landmark studies and current applications of iPSCs, highlighting their role in advancing biomedical sciences.

Keywords:
Col1a1 4F2A Oct4-GFP reprogrammable mouseexpanded potential stem cell (EPSC)expanded potential stem cell medium (EPSCM)induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)somatic reprogrammingstochastic and deterministic model

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Area of Science:

  • Stem cell biology and regenerative medicine.

Background:

  • Pluripotent stem cells possess self-renewal and differentiation capabilities.
  • Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have emerged as a powerful tool over the past 15 years.
  • iPSCs hold significant promise for regenerative medicine, disease modeling, and drug discovery.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the foundational studies that established the concept of iPSCs.
  • To summarize the current status of biomedical applications of iPSCs.
  • To highlight the 15-year progress in iPSC technology and its impact on regenerative therapy.

Main Methods:

  • Reprogramming of somatic cells using the Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc transcription factors.
  • Revisiting landmark studies in somatic cell nuclear transfer and cell fusion.
  • Analyzing gene expression, epigenetic signatures, and functional pluripotency of iPSCs.

Main Results:

  • The transcription factor quartet effectively reprograms somatic cells to a pluripotent state.
  • iPSCs recapitulate key features of embryonic stem cells (ESCs).
  • The somatic epigenome demonstrates plasticity, allowing for the regain of pluripotency and totipotency-like states.

Conclusions:

  • iPSC technology has revolutionized biomedical sciences, opening new avenues for clinical applications.
  • The plasticity of the epigenome is crucial for reprogramming differentiated cells.
  • Continued progress in iPSC research heralds a new era for regenerative therapy.