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Related Concept Videos

Interactions Between Signaling Pathways01:19

Interactions Between Signaling Pathways

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Signaling cascades usually lack linearity. Multiple pathways interact and regulate one another, allowing cells to integrate and respond to diverse environmental stimuli.
Convergence and divergence, and cross-talk between signaling pathways
Two distinct signaling pathways can converge on a single functional unit, which may either be a single protein or a complex of proteins. The response is either functionally distinct or synergistic between the two pathways but different from the response...
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Signal Transduction: Overview01:26

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Cells respond to many types of information, often through receptor proteins positioned on the membrane. They respond to chemical signals, such as hormones, neurotransmitters, and other signaling molecules, initiating a series of molecular reactions to produce an appropriate response. This is called signal transduction. Cells also coordinate different responses elicited by the same signaling molecule via mediators, allowing molecular cross-talk.
Typically, signal transduction involves three...
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Cell Signaling in Plants01:25

Cell Signaling in Plants

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Plant cells communicate to coordinate their cycle of growth, flowering and fruiting, and activities in roots, shoots, and leaves in response to the changing environmental conditions. Plant signaling is distinct from animal signaling. Plants primarily utilize enzyme-linked receptors, whereas the largest class of cell-surface receptors in animals are G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Unlike animals, receptor tyrosine kinases are rare in plants. Instead, plants have a diverse class of...
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Chemical Signaling in the Endocrine System01:08

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A signaling cascade is a series of events that facilitates the transmission of information within or between cells, culminating in a targeted response in the recipient cell. As chemical messengers, hormones are pivotal in initiating and modulating these intricate signaling cascades based on their solubility.
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Transducer Mechanism: Nuclear Receptors01:31

Transducer Mechanism: Nuclear Receptors

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Nuclear receptors, or NRs, are unique transcription factors that regulate gene transcription and affect the cellular pathways involved in reproduction, development, or metabolism. Their ability to be stimulated by small lipophilic ligands and control vital cellular processes makes them ideal drug targets. Nearly 10-15% of currently prescribed drugs target these receptors.
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Diversity in Cell Signaling Responses01:22

Diversity in Cell Signaling Responses

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The physiological function of a cell and cellular communication are outcomes of a range of extrinsic signals, intracellular signaling pathways, and cellular responses. No two cell types express the same repertoire of signaling components. Receptors are highly selective for their cognate ligands, but once activated, they can alter multiple cellular processes such as DNA transcription, protein synthesis, and metabolic activity. 
Graded and Abrupt Responses
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Reverse Yeast Two-hybrid System to Identify Mammalian Nuclear Receptor Residues that Interact with Ligands and/or Antagonists
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The Interface between Cell Signaling Pathways and Pregnane X Receptor.

Robert S Rogers1, Annemarie Parker1, Phill D Vainer1

  • 1Division of Basic Sciences, Farber-McIntire Campus, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kansas City University, Joplin, MO 64804, USA.

Cells
|November 27, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Pregnane X receptor (PXR) regulates drug metabolism and interactions. Recent studies reveal how PXR post-translational modifications (PTMs) influence its function and gene expression, impacting therapeutic strategies.

Keywords:
PARylationSUMOylationacetylationcell signalingnuclear receptorphosphorylationpregnane X receptorubiquitinationxenobiotics

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a nuclear receptor highly expressed in the liver and intestines.
  • PXR regulates drug metabolism, xenobiotic clearance, and drug interactions.
  • PXR activation influences inflammatory and nutrient signaling pathways.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent literature on PXR post-translational modifications (PTMs).
  • To discuss the role of PTMs in PXR's clinically relevant biology.
  • To explore how PTMs integrate extracellular cues to modulate PXR activity.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent research on PXR PTMs.
  • Analysis of gene-environment interactions involving PXR.
  • Discussion of PTMs' influence on PXR function and signaling.

Main Results:

  • Numerous PTMs significantly influence PXR's biological function.
  • PTMs are crucial for PXR's role in drug metabolism and gene expression.
  • PXR PTMs link drug biotransformation with inflammatory and nutrient signaling.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding PXR PTMs is vital for developing safe and effective therapeutics.
  • PTMs provide a mechanism for PXR to integrate environmental signals.
  • Further research into PXR PTMs is essential for advancing personalized medicine.