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Updated: Oct 12, 2025

Evaluation of the Curing of Adhesive Systems by Rheological and Thermal Testing

Evaluation of the Curing of Adhesive Systems by Rheological and Thermal Testing

Published on: July 3, 2020

Lignosulfonate-Based Polyurethane Adhesives.

Sandra Magina¹, Nuno Gama¹, Luísa Carvalho^2,3

¹CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)

|November 27, 2021

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study explores using lignosulfonate (LS) from eucalyptus wood in polyurethane (PU) adhesives. Adding a co-polymer improved adhesive strength, making it comparable to commercial white glue.

Keywords:

ABES DSC PEG adhesion adhesive curing kinetics lignosulphonate pMDI polyurethane

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Polymer Chemistry
Adhesive Technology

Background:

Lignosulfonate (LS) is a byproduct of acid sulfite pulping.
Polyurethane (PU) adhesives are widely used but often rely on petroleum-based components.
Developing sustainable adhesive formulations is crucial for reducing environmental impact.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the feasibility of using unmodified lignosulfonate (LS) from eucalyptus wood as a polyol in polyurethane (PU) adhesive formulations.
To investigate the effect of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG200) as a soft crosslinking segment on the properties of LS-based PU adhesives.
To assess the adhesive strength and curing kinetics of the developed LS-based PU adhesives.

Main Methods:

Purified LS was reacted with 4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (pMDI), with and without PEG200.
LS-based PU adhesives were characterized using infrared spectroscopy and thermal analysis.
Adhesion strength was tested on wood substrates using the Automated Bonding Evaluation System (ABES).
Curing kinetics were analyzed using non-isothermal differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) with Kissinger and Ozawa methods.

Main Results:

The addition of PEG200 improved reaction mixture homogenization and polymer network crosslinking.
PEG200 enhanced interfacial interactions and significantly increased adhesive strength.
The optimized LS-based PU adhesive achieved shear stress values comparable to commercial white glue (approx. 3 MPa).
Differential scanning calorimetry revealed a curing activation energy of approximately 70 kJ·mol⁻¹ for the optimized formulation.

Conclusions:

Unmodified lignosulfonate from eucalyptus wood is a viable polyol for formulating high-performance PU adhesives.
Incorporating PEG200 as a soft segment is beneficial for improving the properties and performance of LS-based PU adhesives.
These findings support the development of sustainable, bio-based adhesives with performance rivaling conventional products.